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136

BOOK REVIEWS

UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG: THE FIRST 50 YEARS, 1911–1961. Edited by Brian Harrison. Hong Kong University Press, 1962. Illustrated with numerous black and white photographs and one in colour. 247 pages. HK$35.00.

This book, edited by Professor Brian Harrison, Dean of the Faculty of Arts, was issued to mark the Golden Jubilee of the University of Hong Kong which fell in 1961. It is divided into seventeen chapters by different authors, and contains not only a great wealth of information about the University then and now, but it also unfolds the dramatic story of a long struggle in the face of financial starvation and near disaster. The book is beautifully printed and produced and the editor and the printers are to be congratulated on a fine achievement.

It is hoped to review this book at greater length in the next issue of this Journal.

J. L. C-B.

AN EMBASSY TO CHINA: Lord Macartney's Journal 1793–1794. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by J. L. Cranmer-Byng. Longmans, 1962, 420 pages. 42/-

Any book that sets out to enable different countries and people to know and understand each other better is to be welcomed. Never was such understanding more necessary than today, when the world is in danger of dividing itself into Orient and Occident, when the two halves are developing at different rates of progress, when the first casualties are seen to be truth, sensitivity and tranquillity of spirit,
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1969
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26

T. C. CHENG

in 1936 he was succeeded by Mr. (later Sir) Man-kam Lo. Sir Man-kam, born in 1893, was the eldest son of the late Lo Cheung-shiu, J.P., who was Chairman of the Tung Wah Hospital in 1915. He was also the son-in-law of the late Sir Robert Hotung. Sir Man-kam went to England to study law in his youth and later founded the solicitors' firm, Messrs. Lo & Lo, his partner then being his younger brother, M. W. Lo. He was appointed a J.P. in 1921 and served on the District Watch Force Committee, the Sanitary Board and many other Boards and Committees. He was Chairman of the Tung Wah Hospital in 1929 and was a member of the Legislative Council from 1936 to 1941. After the war he was appointed to the Executive Council and was knighted in 1948. Sir Man-kam was not only a brilliant lawyer but also a very conscientious and outspoken member of the Legislative and the Executive Councils in his time. His views and advice were always highly esteemed by the Government. He died suddenly in 1959.

In his book Via Ports, a recent Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Alexander Grantham, had this to say about Sir Man-kam: “Out-standing amongst them (i.e., Executive Council Members) was Sir Man-kam Lo, whose death in 1959 was a great loss to the Colony. He had a first class brain, great moral courage and a capacity for digging down into details without getting lost in them. I can picture him at a meeting of the Council when some difficult or controversial subject was under discussion. Another member would be expounding his views. From the glint in 'M.K.'s' eyes and the way his lips were moving, I knew he had something forceful to say. I could hardly wait for the previous speaker to finish and to hear 'M.K.' Then again, when a complex but dull matter was being dealt with by the circulation of papers, on which members would write their opinions, I would look to see what 'M.K.' had written and, as often as not, save myself the tedium of reading all the other minutes. He was invariably right to the point”

28

When Dr. Tso Seen-wan resigned from the Legislative Council in 1937, he was succeeded by Dr. Li Shu-fan who, born in 1887, received his early medical training at the Hong Kong College of Medicine and later at Edinburgh University. In 1964 he published his autobiography, entitled Hong Kong Surgeon and it is recommended that any one wishing to know more about the late
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1973
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7

List of activities arranged during 1973:

8 January

Mr. James C. Y. Watt

"Recent archaeological discoveries in China” (illustrated)

23 January

Mr. Pracha Guna-Kasem

1-6 February

Mr. James C. Y. Watt

21 February

Mr. Michael Smithies

Panel presentation on "The culture of Thailand" prior to the Society's tour to Thailand.

26 February

Mr. Michael Smithies (Organizer)

Art and archaeological tour to Thailand (Bangkok, Pitsanuloke, Sukhothai, Srisachanalai).

7 March

Dr. C. M. Turnbull

"The impact of western education on the Straits Chinese".

19 March

Mr. Quing N. Yng-Wong

“Acupuncture"

26 March

Dr. Dale M. Craig

“Chinese instrumental music” (with performers playing on traditional instruments).

31 March - 1 April

Mr. C. M. N. Sahay

"Moghul Miniature Painting" (illustrated by slides).

11 April

Annual General Meeting followed by a dinner

29 April

Professor Brian Lofts (Organizer)

Symposium "The fauna of Hong Kong" (with field trips).

Professor Murray Groves

"The Motu in the modern world: Social Change & Musical Styles among a seafaring people" (illustrated with tape recording and slides).

Mr. Ian Watson

Visit to the Sikh and Hindu Temples in Happy Valley.
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1973
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/8910rj06r
CHINA MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY

CARRON DU VALLARDS, C.J.F.

25

Guide pratique pour l'étude et le traitement des maladies des yeux. 2v. Paris, 1838.

"Diseases of the eye by Du Vallard." No English translation has been traced.

CLEMENT, William James.

Observations in surgery and pathology, illustrated by cases. London, 1832.

"Observations on surgery and pathology by (Clement)"

"DARHARET

"Plates of the human muscles

"Ditto bones"

It has not been possible to identify these two, assumed to be by the same author.

DEWEES, W. P.

A treatise on the diseases of females. Philadelphia (various eds., 1st publ. 1826)

"A treatise on diseases of females."

JAMESON, Robert.

Manual of mineralogy. Edinburgh, 1821.

or System of mineralogy. 3rd ed. Edinburgh, 1820.

"Jamieson's Elements of mineralogy."

LALLEMAND, Claude François.

Recherches anatomico-pathologiques sur l'encéphale et ses dépendances. Bruxelles, 1837.

"M. Lallemand on the brain."

MAYOR, Mathias Louis.

Bandages et appareils à pansements; ou, Nouveaux système de déligation chirurgicale. 3e éd. Paris, 1838.

"M. Mayor on bandaging."

MEDICAL COLLEGE OF BENGAL, Calcutta.

Catalogue of books. (n.d.)

"Catalogue of books, Calcutta."

Rules and regulations (n.d.)

"Rules and regulations, Medical College Calcutta."
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1974
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LIFE MEMBERS:

LIU, D. H.

LO, T. S.

LOSEBY, Miss Patricia

LUK, George P. C.

LUM, Miss Ada

MacKENZIE, John

McCRARY, M.

McKEIRNAN, Rev. Michael J., M.M.

NICHOLS, E. H.

NORONHA, J. E.

OGDEN, B. J. N.

OU, Miss G.

PAIN, J. H.

PICCUS, R. P.

POLAND, T. D.

RAYNER, Mrs. C. M.

RIDE, Sir Lindsay, C.B.E.

RIDE, Lady L.

ROGERS, Rev. D.

RUST, H. A.

RYDINGS, H. A., M.B.E.

SEED, Brian

SELLETT, G.

SERSALE, Miss Sheila

SMITH, Leslie, O.B.E.

SPOONER, M. G.

305, Prince Edward Road, Flat 5-D, Kowloon.

c/o Lo & Lo, Jardine House, 7th floor, H.K.

c/o Russ & Co., 523/5 Gloucester Building, 5th floor, H.K.

B-38, Po Shan Mansions, No. 10, Po Shan Road, H.K.

142, Boundary Street, Kowloon.

Davie, Boag & Co. Ltd., Jardine House, H.K.

Flat 6A, United Mansions, 7, Shiu Fai Terrace, H.K.

Maryknoll Fathers, Tung Tao Tsuen, Kowloon.

11, Queen's Gardens, Old Peak Road, H.K.

8, Hereford Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon.

c/o The Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corp., P.O. Box 64, H.K.

c/o French Consulate General, P.O. Box 13, H.K.

Connaught Centre, 35th floor, H.K.

ITT Far East & Pacific Inc., G.P.O. Box 15349, H.K.

Butterfield & Swire (HK) Ltd., Union House, H.K.

Dept. of History, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, H.K.

Bauhinia Garden, 34, Chung Hom Kok Road, Stanley, H.K.

Bauhinia Garden, 34, Chung Hom Kok Road, Stanley, H.K.

Union Church, Kennedy Road, H.K.

Palmer & Turner, Prince's Building, 19th floor, H.K.

The Library, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, H.K.

c/o Diocesan Boys' School, Mongkok, Kowloon.

"Pinecrest", N.K.L. 3543, Tai Po Road, Kowloon.

11A, Cameron House, 40 Magazine Gap Road, H.K.

813, Caritas House, 2 Caine Road, H.K.

The Registry, University of Hong Kong, H.K.
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1974
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LIST OF MEMBERS

259

ORDINARY MEMBERS:

MacCALLUM, I. - c/o Colonial Secretariat, Lower Albert Rd., H.K.

MacGREGOR, Keith - 19, South Bay Close, Repulse Bay, H.K.

MacLEAN, R. - 326-8, Tung Ying Building, 100, Nathan Road, Kowloon.

MAHLKE, William J. - c/o Estates Office, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, H.K.

MAO, Dr. Philip W. C., F.R.C.S. - P.O. Box 104, Macau.

MARKEY, John C. - 117, Main Road, Kam Tin, N.T.

MARTINHO-MARQUES, E. J. - 1, Abermor Court, May Road, H.K.

MATHIAS, John R. G. - Johnson, Stokes & Master, Hong Kong Bank Building, H.K.

MCCABE, Mrs. S. J. - Dept. of Sociology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, H.K.

McELNEY, Brian S. - 1206, Shell House, 24, Queen's Road, C., H.K.

McGOUGH, James P. - 10, Fort Street, 2nd floor, H.K.

MEGGITT, Mrs. B. - 34, Kennedy Road, Block C, 9th floor, H.K.

MIAO, Miss Irene Hung - c/o Miss G. Ou, P.O. Box 6440, Kowloon.

MILLER, A. C. - 36, New Henry House, 10, Ice House St., H.K.

MORGAN, Mrs. Carole - 3, Macdonnell Road, Flat 602, H.K.

MORROW, Miss Sharon E. - c/o Jardine Matheson & Co. Ltd., Insurance Dept., Jardine House, H.K.

MOSLER, Mrs. M. - c/o Jardine Matheson & Co. Ltd., Jardine House, H.K.

MOYLE, G. C. - Anthropology Section, New Asia College, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T.

MUNN, Mrs. E. - Jardine Matheson & Co. Ltd., Jardine House, H.K.

MYERS, John T. - 304, Man Yee Building, H.K.

NEWBIGGING, D. K. - 8, Abermor Court, 15 May Road, H.K.

NG, Peter P. K. - Parker Pen Co. (F.E.) Ltd., Caxton House, 1 Duddell Street, H.K.

NICOL, C. A. A. - Sandy Bay Children's Orthopaedic Hospital, Sandy Bay, H.K.

NISHIMURA, Masato - c/o The British Council, Star House, 3rd floor, Kowloon.

O'BRIEN, Dr. John P. - 

O'HARA, Mrs. Margaret - Jardine House, 12th floor, H.K.

...

Cameraman Ltd., 22A, Westlands Road, 6th floor, H.K.
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1974
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LIST OF MEMBERS

ORDINARY MEMBERS:

SAPSTEAD, G.

SCHWARZ, W. H.

SCOBELL, C. L.

SELWYN, J. B.

SHAW, Dr. & Mrs. B. C.

SHOEMAKER, J. F.

SHU, Dr. H. T.

SIEGEL, H. W.

SIU, Miss A. V.

SLEVIN, Brian

SMITH, Rev. Carl T,

SO, Dr. Chak Lam

SOLOMON, Mrs. Miriam

SPAIN, Mr. & Mrs. E. J.

STAFFORD, Peter

STEINER, Henry

STEMPEL, A.

STEWART, Miss J. M. C.

STRANGER-JONES, A. J.

STRICKLAND, John E.

STUMPF, K. L., O.B.E.

SU, Ming-Hsuan

SU, Samson

TAYLOR, Mrs. V.

THOMA, Dr. Richard

THOMAS, Rik

THOMAS, Mrs. S. E.

Highways Office, Public Works Dept., Murray Building, H.K.

c/o Achelis (HK) Ltd., Kowloon City P.O. Box 9334, Kowloon City, Kowloon.

Police Headquarters, Arsenal Street, H.K.

2404 Connaught Centre, H.K.

72, Middleton Towers, 140, Pokfulam Rd., H.K.

73, Kadoorie Avenue, Kowloon.

70, Mt. Davis Road, H.K.

c/o Bayer China Co. Ltd., 1916 Union House, H.K.

Flat A, Hing Mee Bldg., 13th floor, 25-31 Leighton Road, H.K.

Police Headquarters, Arsenal Street, H.K.

Chung Chi College, Shatin, N.T.

Dept. of Geography & Geology, University of Hong Kong, H.K.

2 Wongneichong Gap Road, F5, Woodland Heights, H.K.

D28 Burnside Estate, Repulse Bay, H.K.

c/o The Mandarin Hotel, Connaught Road, C., H.K.

Graphic Communication Ltd., Printing House, 6 Duddell Street, H.K.

c/o Gilman Office Machines, 41st floor, Connaught Centre, H.K.

28, Lancashire Road, Kowloon.

12E, Cliffview Mansions, 25, Conduit Rd., H.K.

c/o The Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corp., G.P.O. Box 64, H.K.

Lutheran World Federation, Dept. of World Service, 33 Granville Road, Kowloon.

28 Broadway, 10-B Mei Foo Sun Chuen, Kowloon.

c/o Shanghai Commercial Bank Ltd., 12 Queen's Road, C., H.K.

6A Pekao House, 30 Conduit Road, H.K.

44, Mt. Kellet Road, 3A, Mountain Lodge, H.K.

31 Conduit Road, 9th floor, H.K.

C-3, Clearwater Bay Apts, Clearwater Bay Road, Kowloon.
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262

LIST OF MEMBERS

ORDINARY MEMBERS:

THROWER, Prof. L. B.

TISDALL, Brian

TOMLIN, Mrs. I.

TONG, Louis

TORRANCE, J. R.

TOOGOOD, C. W.

TRISTRAM, M. P. W.

TSE, Charles

TSO, Mrs. Priscilla

TURNER, H. D.

TWEEDIE, Howard

TWITCHETT, Miss Yvonne

TYLER, Mr. & Mrs. M. R.

VEEVERS, Miss Kathleen J.

VETCH, Mr. & Mrs. Henri

VISICK, Mrs. Mary

Flat 6B, University Residence No. 6,

Chinese University of Hong Kong.

7, Stanley Mound Road, Stanley, H.K.

12A, Broadwood Road, 1st floor, H.K.

Connaught Centre, 35th floor, H.K.

A2, 2 Vista Panorama, Amonoda Road,

Kowloon Tsai, Kowloon.

c/o Oxford University Press, 5th floor,

News Building, 633 King's Road, H.K.

Rating & Valuation Dept., Murray House,

Garden Road, H.K.

59-61 Wong Chuk Hang Road, 1st floor,

Aberdeen, H.K.

Dept. of Extra Mural Studies, University of

Hong Kong, Pokfulam, H.K.

History Dept., University of Hong Kong,

Pokfulam, H.K.

Officers' Mess, Grenadier Guards, Stanley

Fort, H.K.

c/o Island School, Bowen Road, H.K.

402, Tregunter Mansions, 14 Old Peak Rd.,

H.K.

79, Mount Nicholson Gap, H.K.

10A, Belmont Court, 10, Kotewall Road,

H.K.

Dept. of English, University of Hong Kong,

Pokfulam, H.K.

WADIA, Mr. & Mrs. R. J.

WALDEN, J. C. C.

WATERS, D. D.

WATT, J. C. Y.

WEBB, Miss Susan M.

WEBBER, Dr. & Mrs. J. H.

WEI, Dr. Tat

WENG, Mrs. Gloria

WESTCOTT, K.

WHITELEY, Mrs. I. E.

502, La Hacienda, 31 Mt. Kellet Road,

The Peak, H.K.

1 Homestead, The Peak, H.K.

c/o Education Dept., Lee Gardens, Hysan

Avenue, H.K.

Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,

N.T.

Flat 4, 5A Garden Road, H.K.

Fanling Hospital, Fanling, N.T.

3 Fontana Gardens, 5th floor, Causeway

Hill, H.K.

1 Essex Crescent, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon.

The British Council, Star House, 3rd floor,

Kowloon.

8C London Court, 41A Conduit Road, H.K.
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1974
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264

LIST OF MEMBERS

ORDINARY OVERSEAS MEMBERS:

ANDERSON, Dr. Eugene N., Jr. Dept. of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside, Cal. 92502, U.S.A.

BERKOWITZ, Prof. M. I. Professor of Sociology, Dept. of Sociology, Brock University, St. Catharine's, Ontario, Canada.

BEVERIDGE, R. J. 13, Hartwell Hill Road, Hartwell, Victoria, 3124, Australia.

BINGHAM, Mrs. Annette Welby Croft, Chapel-en-le-Frith, SK12 6CY, Cheshire, England.

BLACKMORE, Michael "Highfield", 37, The Hollow, Bath, Somerset, BA2 1NB, England.

BOXER, Prof. Baruch 167, Laurel Circle, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, USA.

BRAGA, J. M. c/o National Library of Australia, Canberra, Australia.

BUNGER, Dr. Karl 53, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Lukas-Cranach-Strasse 14, Germany.

CHAR, Tin Yuke 3898, Diamond Head Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96816, U.S.A.

CLARK, Mrs. A. T. c/o Government House, Honiara, British Solomon Islands, Protectorate.

EITZEN, Mrs. J. 155, Mt. Pleasant Road, Singapore 11.

FITZGIBBON, Desmond J. c/o British Embassy, Beirut, Lebanon.

FREEDMAN, Dr. Maurice 187, Gloucester Place, St. Marylebone, London, N.W.2

HAMILTON, Bill G. 13768 Howen Drive, Saratoga, Calif. 95070, U.S.A.

HARNISCH, Mr. & Mrs. D. 204, South Ellen St., Homer, Illinois, U.S.A.

HARRISON, Prof. Brian 26, The White House, St. Paul's Bay, Malta.

HARTWELL, Lady c/o Barclays Bank, Piccadilly Circus Branch, 52, Regent Street, London, W.1., England.

HARTWELL, Sir Charles c/o Barclays Bank, Piccadilly Circus Branch, 52, Regent Street, London, W.1., England.

HAYDON, E. S. Old Castle Farm, Buckland St. Mary, Somerset, England.

HAYWARD, G. W. White Mill End, 5, Granville Road, Sevenoaks, Kent, England.

HENSMAN, Prof. Bertha c/o St. Anne's College, Oxford, England.

HILSDALE, Mrs. K. H. 1105, Armada Drive, Pasadena, Calif. 91103, U.S.A.

HORMANN, Prof. B. L. 2520, Malama Pl., Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A.

HOWARTH, Richard H. c/o American Embassy, Merchant Street, Rangoon, Burma.

JOHNSON, Dr. Graham E. Department of Anthropology & Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, B.C., Canada.

Page 270

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CONTENTS

PRESIDENT'S REPORT

TREASURER's Report

THE LIBRARY: and the Library Rules

TRANSACTIONS OF THE BRANCH :

I

Page

1

9

13

16

A Hong Kong Spirit-Medium Temple-JOHN T. MYERS

Merchant Organisations in Late Imperial China: Patterns of Change and Development-WELLINGTON K. K. CHAN

28

China's Economic Planning and Changing Geography—CHIAO-MIN HSIEH

43

∞ NOA

48

61

71

88

ARTICLES:

Incident between the Hong Merchants and the Super-cargoes of the British East India Company in Canton, 1811—J. L. Cranmer-BYNG

The Great Plague of Hong Kong-E. G. PRYOR

Notes on Chiuchow Opera-Helga Werle

Condition of the European Working Class in Nineteenth Century Hong Kong-HENRY JAMES LETHBRIDGE

The Employment of Foreign Military Talent: Chinese Tradition and Late Ch'ing Practice-RICHARD J. SMITH

113

The Pacific Oyster Industry in Hong Kong-BRIAN MORTON AND P. S. WONG

Captive Surgeon in Hong Kong: the Story of the British Military Hospital, Hong Kong 1942-1945- DONALD C. Bowie

NOTES AND QUERIES:

...

The Pottery Kilns at Wun Yiu, Tai Po-J. W. HAYES

The Noon Day Gun-CARL T. SMITH

The German Congregation in Hong Kong until 1914-CARL T. SMITH

139

150

291

292

292

295

Boat People's Ceremonies observed from Island House, Tai Po-D. AKERS JONES

300

The RAS Photographic Survey in Hong Kong—H. A. RYDINGS

311

Chief Marshal T'ien, patron of the stage, of musicians and wrestlers-East and South East China-K. G. STEVENS

303

Chang Yu-tang and an old Hanging Scroll from Cheung Chau-FRANCIS S. Y. SHAM AND JAMES Hayes

Hung Hom: an Early Industrial Village in Old British Kowloon-Carl T. SMITH AND JAMES HAYES

Typhoon Preparations in 1903

BOOK REVIEWS

318

324

327
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1975
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THE PACIFIC OYSTER INDUSTRY IN HONG KONG (的蠔業)

BRIAN MORTON* AND P. S. WONG†

Oyster farming is an ancient industry. The Japanese and Romans are the earliest known oyster farmers, and with time the practice has spread to other parts of the globe. Thus different species of oysters are cultivated in Europe (Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea angulata), North America (Ostrea lurida and Crassostrea virginica), Australia (Crassostrea commercialis), and in Japan and China (Crassostrea gigas—the Pacific oyster). The diverse sites of culture have led to different methods of farming and the utilisation of a range of implements. With research and development, however, the Japanese method of hanging strings of oysters from rafts in the surface waters of the sea is slowly becoming universally accepted as one of the more successful techniques—but traditions die hard.

Oysters (*) have been cultivated in Hong Kong for some considerable time; Bromhall (1958) estimates 700 years though Mok (1973), more conservatively, estimates 170 years. The method of culture is unusual, involving implements of unique design, not hitherto described. The identity of the local oyster remains a mystery though Bromhall introduced the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg 1793) (✯✯) into Hong Kong in 1950. It would seem probable, however, that this is also the endemic species, since Hong Kong is within the natural geographic range of C. gigas (Tschang et al, 1962) and specimens have been recovered from archaeological digs on Lamma Island and, more recently, from the mud excavated from the High Island reservoir site.

Oysters only grow in estuaries and the Hong Kong oyster industry is centred around Deep Bay (*) which is situated on the northwestern corner of Hong Kong, forming the boundary between China and Hong Kong (Fig. 1). The bay covers an area of approximately 112 km2 bordered to the landward by a characteristic fringe of dwarf mangroves. Deep Bay opens to the southwest directly into the mouth of the Pearl River (#) which is the major river draining the hinterland of southern China. Numerous rivers and streams

* Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong.

† Department of Zoology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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BRIAN MORTON & P. S. WONG

power. There is thus an advantage for an oyster farmer to possess a large family. Usually every member of the family participates in the work. Male members usually handle the more laborious procedures such as the laying of the cultch, the transfer of the oysters from one bed to the other and the harvesting of the oysters for resale. Female members may also participate in this work especially those young and strong enough--but more often they are in charge of separating the oysters from the cultch and the shucking and selling of the oysters. Younger members of the family assist with domestic chores.

In Deep Bay, the oysters are cultivated in the traditional manner i.e. by bottom-laying (*). This method involves the laying of cultch (*) on the muddy bottom to collect the oyster spat (#). The set oysters are then left to grow for one or two years in the breeding ground (*) before being transferred to the deeper fattening ground (†) for an additional period of one or more years prior to harvesting (#).

Elsewhere in the world various materials are used as cultch for the collection of spat. These include stones, shells, bamboo sticks (Cahn, 1950), lime coated roofing tiles or egg-crate fillers, cement dipped wood veneer rings or old fish nets (Needler, 1941; Quayle, 1969) and even sticks of the mangrove, Aegiceras majus (Roughley, 1922). In Hong Kong some ten years ago, rocks and shells (Plate 14; A, B) were most commonly used as cultch. The supply of rock from nearby shores has, however, been virtually exhausted. Consequently stones are now being replaced by concrete tiles (*) (Plate 14; C, D) or concrete posts (Plate 14; E, F). Stones and oyster shells of appropriate size and thickness are still collected and reserved as cultch whenever available. The oyster shells are first cleaned and placed in the sun for weathering prior to being used. Concrete slabs are made artificially at a cost of HK$500/10,000 (in 1974). Old concrete slabs or posts which remain unbroken after the oysters have been detached can be reused. They are cleaned to remove all fouling organisms and then dried in the sun.

The most important and labour intensive stage in the bottom-laying method of oyster culture is the collection of the spat (**). In Deep Bay oysters spawn from March to September when temperatures are high and salinities are low (Mok, 1973). As a consequence the cultch has to be laid within this period. However,

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BRIAN MORTON & P. S. WONG

used in N. America e.g. Virginia, by poorer oystermen (Yonge, 1960). During summer, the oysters can be harvested more easily by diving. The oysters are usually taken by boat to the major marketing village of Lau Fau Shan (∗) and are deposited on the shore close to the village. There they are either separated from the cultch (Plate 16; A) immediately or left for a day or two according to demand.

Shucking (➠) (Plate 16; C) is undertaken by hand using a traditional shucking implement (…). This is a hammer-like instrument with one long sharp-edged arm and a short, stout, pointed arm. A cotton glove is needed to hold the oyster as the shell is extremely sharp. When shucking, the opener sits on a low stool and the oyster is held firmly, left cupped valve down, on the ground. Using the short pointed arm of the shucking hammer a small hole is punched in the shell an inch or so from the posteroventral end of the right, upper valve. The long arm is then inserted into the hole and with the sharp edge working forward and upward in a right and left motion, the adductor muscle of the oyster is cut where it attaches to the upper valve. A prying motion of the long arm of the hammer also breaks the hold of the ligament. The sharp edge is again used to cut the adductor muscle from the lower valve. In Lau Fau Shan, shucking is usually undertaken by the female members of the family.

The shucked oysters are usually sold fresh. With reduced demand some of them may be dried under the sun and sold impaled upon characteristic rings (∗∗) (Plate 16; D). Small ones in the cluster or those broken during shucking are used to make oyster sauce (…). Most of the fresh oysters are transported to outside markets or to restaurants in Kowloon or Hong Kong Island. A small quantity is sold at Lau Fau Shan in small market stores as the village is itself a tourist centre famous for oysters (Plate 16; B). These oysters are shucked as purchased. The shucked oysters are quantified by means of standard sized cans and sold at the following price (1973-74):

H.K. $13 per large can

H.K. $11 per medium can

H.K. $9 per small can

Long plastic bags (40 cm x 8 cm) are used to hold the shucked oysters. Previously the oysters destined for outside markets or
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chi, 1966) by the application of anti-fouling paints. Undoubtedly the main disadvantage to this technique is that a large capital investment is required with high maintenance costs and a greater chance of damage and loss during a typhoon. As noted earlier oyster culture in Deep Bay is at present being run on a family basis lacking a large capital investment. The adoption of the more expensive raft method of culture would appear, under present socio-economic conditions, to be impossible. The setting up of a co-operative system by the oyster farmers concerned, together with an extension of the Government loan scheme for fisheries development to the oyster industry could enable the oyster farmers to obtain the necessary finance to improve the industry. With an available source of funds for investment and with further detailed research to determine the modifications required to ensure the success of a programme of modernisation in the special environment of Deep Bay, Hong Kong's oyster industry is not without a future.

LITERATURE CITED

Bardach, J. E. and J. H. Ryther, 1968.

The Status and Potential of Aquaculture. American Institute of Biological Science, Washington, D.C. Vol. I (261pp.), Vol. II (224pp.).

Bromhall, J. D., 1958. On the biology and culture of the native oyster of Deep Bay, Hong Kong, Crassostrea sp. Hong Kong University Fisheries Journal, 2; 93-107.

Cahn, A. R., 1950. Oyster culture in Japan. The United States Fisheries and Wildlife Services Fisheries Leaflet, 383; 1-80.

Furukawa, Atsushi, 1968. The raft method of oyster culture in Japan. In: Proceedings of the Oyster Culture Workshop (Ed. T. L. Linton). Marine Fisheries Division, Georgia Game and Fish Commission, Brunswick, Georgia, pp. 49-54.

Hong Kong Annual Departmental Report by the Director of Agriculture and Fisheries, 1953-54 to 1973-74. The Hong Kong Government.

Knight-Jones, E. W., 1952. Reproduction of oysters in the rivers Crouch and Roach, Essex during 1947, 1948, 1949. Fishery Investigations, London, 18; 1-48.

Korringa, P., 1947. Relations between the moon and periodicity in the breeding of animals. Ecological Monographs, 17; 347-381.

Leung, C., B. S. Morton, K. F. Shortridge and P. S. Wong, 1975. The seasonal incidence of faecal bacteria in the tissues of the commercial oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg 1793 correlated with the hydrology of Deep Bay, Hong Kong. Proceedings of the Pacific Science Association Special Symposium in Marine Science, Hong Kong 1973; 114-127.
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PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1977

(Covering the period April 1, 1977-March 20, 1978)

It is my pleasure tonight to report to you on the year's activities and progress of our Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. During this eighteenth year since the Society was resuscitated we have continued to organise a regular programme of lectures and occasional tours drawing on both local talent and the expertise of visiting scholars, and I begin with a short resumé of these events, so that newcomers particularly may gain some idea of the range of our interests.

In April Mr. Geoffrey Emerson, a local historian of the Japanese Occupation, gave an illustrated talk about the Stanley Internment Camp during the 1942-45 period: a camp where many local residents at the time were forced to live by the Japanese authorities. Several of the persons thus interned attended the talk and some interesting discussion arose. The talk will be published in the 1977 Journal for it is based on original research. Also in April Michael Stevenson spoke on the Chinese Press from his long knowledge as a journalist and particularly his more recent work for the Sing Tao Group of newspapers and as a public relations consultant.

In May, Tony Reynolds, Head of the Department of Industrial Engineering at Hong Kong University, and member of the Friends Ambulance Service in West China between 1941-46, described his fascinating experiences as convoy leader for a load of medical supplies allowed by the Nationalist Government to be taken to the Shensi-Kansu-Ninghsia Region occupied by the 8th Route Army—the first since 1941. This talk which also gives Mr. Reynolds' impressions from meetings with Mao Tze-tung, Chou En-lai and Marshal Chu Te will appear in the 1977 Journal too.

The first of two lectures in June was concerned with the History and Music of the Cheng, the Chinese 16-stringed zither, delivered by Professor Liang Tsai-ping who has performed and lectured in both Europe and the U.S.A. as well as Asia; and the second with political and other changes in the Far East in the last ten years, given by Tony Lawrence, for nineteen years Far Eastern Correspondent for the B.B.C. In July Brian Peacock, Curator of the
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LOCAL LIFE MEMBERS

MCCRARY, Mr. Michael,

Flat 6A United Mansions, 7 Shiu Fai Terrace, HONG KONG,

MCKEIRNAN. Rev. Michael, MM

Maryknoll Fathers,

Bishop Ford Centre,

Tung Tao Tsuen, KOWLOON.

8 Hereford Road,

NORONHA, Mr. J. E.,

Kowloon Tong,

KOWLOON.

NICHOLS, The Hon. Mr. E. H.,

11 Queen's Gardens,

Old Peak Road,

HONG KONG,

OGDEN, Mr. B. J. N.,

c/o The Hongkong and Shanghai

Banking Corp.,

P.O. Box 64, HONG KONG.

OU, Miss G.,

c/o French Consulate General, P.O. Box 13,

HONG KONG.

PAIN, Mr. J. H., J.P.

Hong Kong Tourist Association, Connaught Centre, 35/Fl., HONG KONG.

PICCUS, Mr. R. P.,

Continental Can International Corp., Hutchison House, G.P.O. Box 10044, HONG KONG.

RAWLINSON, Mr. M. C., c/o Personnel Registry, Police Headquarters, Arsenal Street, HONG KONG.

RAYNER, Mrs. C. M., Dept. of History, University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

RIDE, Lady,

Al Repulse Bay Apartments, 101 Repulse Bay Road, HONG KONG.

RITCHIE, Mr. D. J. 912 Hermitage, 75 Macdonnell Road, HONG KONG.

RYDINGS, Mr. H. A., MBE, The Library,

University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

RUST, Mr. H. A., Palmer and Turner, OTB Building,

160 Gloucester Road, HONG KONG.

SEED, Mr. Brian, 1A 92 Main Street, Stanley,

HONG KONG.

SELLETT, Mr. George, "Pinecrest", N.K.I.L., 3543 Tai Po Road, KOWLOON.

SERSALE, Miss Sheila M., IIA Cameron House, 40 Magazine Gap Road, HONG KONG.

SHAW, Dr. Brian C., 72 Middleton Towers, 140 Pokfulam Road, HONG KONG.

SHAW, Mrs. Felicity, 72 Middleton Towers, 140 Pokfulam Road, HONG KONG.

SMITH, Rev. Carl T., Chung Chi College,

Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,

NEW TERRITORIES.

SMITH, Mr. Leslie C.,

c/o Robert M. Drummond, 37 Dina House,

5 Duddell Street, HONG KONG.

SPOONER, Mr. Michael G., The Registry,

University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG

STEVENS, Mr. Keith G., Apt. 4B,

26 Magazine Gap Road, HONG KONG.

SU, Dr. Chung Jen, 155 Blue Pool Road, Flat A, 1st Floor, HONG KONG.

239
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ORDINARY LOCAL MEMBERS

LAI, Miss Merlin S. C.,

177 Bulkeley Street,

1/F,

Hung Hom, HONG KONG.

LAI, Mr. W. T.,

47 Sheung Fung Street, Tsz Wan Shan, KOWLOON.

43 Kadoorie Avenue, KOWLOON.

LAWRENCE, Mr. Anthony,

3 Raven Court,

24 Mount Austin Road, HONG KONG.

LAWTON, Mr. David,

c/o The Asian Wall Street Journal, G.P.O. Box 9825, HONG KONG.

LAYTON, Mr. F. A. L.,

c/o Hong Kong & Shanghai

Banking Corp.,

Queen's Road Central, HONG KONG.

LEE, Mr. Peter J.,

c/o Essex Asia Ltd., G.P.O. Box 11393, HONG KONG.

LEE, Mrs. R. M., c/o Essex Asia Ltd., G.P.O. Box 11393, HONG KONG.

LEE, Miss Sandra Suk Yee,

2 Hatton Road, G/F, HONG KONG,

LERNER, Mr. Bernard, Flat 4,

7 Bowen Road, HONG KONG.

LEVIN, Mr. David A., Dept. of Sociology, University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

LEVIN, Ms. Stephanie S., 50 Middleton Towers, 140 Pokfulam Road, HONG KONG.

LI, Mr. Edwin Lao, Consulate General of Costa Rica, 3 Tin Hau Temple Road, Flat C-10 Hung On Building, Causeway Bay, HONG KONG,

LI, Mr. Shi-yi, 72 La Salle Road, 2nd Floor, KOWLOON.

LI, Mr. Vincent P., A-7 4 South Bay Close, Repulse Bay, HONG KONG.

LIARDET, Mr. A. J., c/o Gilman & Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 56, HONG KONG.

LLOYD, Mrs. Aileen S., Flat 15,

14 Mount Austin Road, The Peak,

HONG KONG.

LLOYD, Mrs. Waltraud E., Flat 11 Cameron House, 40 Magazine Gap Road, HONG KONG.

LOBO, Mrs. Margaret, Race View Mansions, Apt. 72,

46 Stubbs Road, HONG KONG.

LOCKING, Mr. J. R.,

c/o The Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club,

Sports Road,

Happy Valley,

HONG KONG,

LOFTS, Prof. Brian, Dept. of Zoology,

University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

LOK, Dr. Leonora Shin U, Flat B-4 Bonds Mansion, 554-556 Nathan Road, KOWLOON.

LUNNEY, Mr. Raymond,

10/F Ho Lee Commercial Building, 38-44 D'Aguilar Street, HONG KONG.
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248

ORDINARY LOCAL MEMBERS

LUTZ, Mr. Hans F., 9B, 14th Floor, Broadway, Mei Foo Sun Chuen, KOWLOON.

MA, Prof. Ho-Kei, 47 High West, 142 Pokfulam Road, HONG KONG.

MA, Prof. Meng, M.B.E., Dept. of Chinese, University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

MACCABE, Mrs. S. J., Penthouse No. 2, Valverde, 11 May Road, HONG KONG.

MACCALLUM, Mr. I., Jardine House, 12/F, HONG KONG.

MACGREGOR, Mr. Keith, Cameraman, 4 Conduit Road, 3/F, HONG KONG.

MACKENZIE, Mr. George S., Gibb Livingston & Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 55, HONG KONG.

MAHLKE, Mr. William J., 23 South Bay Close, Apt. 13B, Repulse Bay, HONG KONG.

MANN, Mr. H. D., 7A Paris Court, Realty Gardens, 41 Conduit Road, HONG KONG.

MAO, Dr. Philip Wen-Chee, FRCS, 326-8 Tung Ying Building, 100 Nathan Road, KOWLOON.

MARKEY, Mr. J. C., c/o Estates Office, University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

MARTIN, Miss Barbara, 8C Cambridge Villa, 8-10 Chancery Lane, HONG KONG.

MASON, Mr. A. K., Security Branch, Government Secretariat, Lower Albert Road, HONG KONG.

MATHEW, Mr. David, c/o Jardine Matheson & Co. Ltd, World Trade Centre, HONG KONG.

MATHEWS, Mr. J. F., c/o The Legal Department, Central Government Offices, HONG KONG.

MCCULLY, Mrs. Arthur M., I-A Branksome, 3 Tregunter Path, HONG KONG.

MCELNEY, Mr. Brian S., c/o Johnson Stokes & Master, Hong Kong Bank Building, HONG KONG.

MCKINNON, Mr. J. W., New Zealand Commission, 34-14 Connaught Centre, HONG KONG.

MCLEAN, Mrs. Robyn H., Public Records Office, 2 Murray Road, HONG KONG.

MELTON, Mr. Michael W., c/o The International School, 6 South Bay Close, Repulse Bay, HONG KONG.

MEANEY, Mr. E. Robert, 1901 Hutchison House, HONG KONG.

MILLINGTON-BUCK, Mr. B. B., c/o Trident International Finance Ltd, 12th Floor, Connaught Centre, HONG KONG.

MINERS, Dr. N. J., Dept. of Political Science, University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

MINTER, Mr. C. J. W., Survey Research Hong Kong, 10/F Development House, 30/32 Queen's Road East, HONG KONG.
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ORDINARY LOCAL MEMBERS

THOMAS, Mr. Reginald, Rose Villa, Lot 369, 12 Miles Tai Po Road, Tai Po, NEW TERRITORIES.

THOMAS, Mrs. S. E., Rose Villa, Lot 369, 12 Miles Tai Po Road, Tai Po, NEW TERRITORIES.

THOMSON, Mr. J. Marsh, Spencer Stuart & Associates, St. George's Building, 2 Ice House Street, HONG KONG.

TISDALL, Mr. Brian, 7 Stanley Mound Road, Stanley, HONG KONG.

TOCHRANE, Miss Vera, 410 The Hermitage, 75 Macdonnell Road, HONG KONG.

TOH, Miss Esther, 1903 Hang Chong Building, 5 Queen's Road C., HONG KONG.

TOMLIN, Mrs. Sarah, 12A Broadwood Road, 1/F, HONG KONG.

TRETIAK, Prof. Daniel, Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

TSANG, Mr. Hin Sum, 11B Princess Margaret Road, 5/F, KOWLOON.

TSO, Mrs. Priscilla, Dept. of Extra-Mural Studies, University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

TUCKER, Mrs. A., 21 Coombe Road, HONG KONG

TURNER, Mr. H. David, Dept. of History, University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

TWITCHETT, Miss Yvonne, c/o Island School, Bowen Road, HONG KONG

TYLER, Mrs. M. R., P.O. Box 9423, HONG KONG.

VEEVERS, Miss Kathleen Joyce. c/o Medical & Health Dept., Lee Gardens, Hysan Avenue, HONG KONG.

VINE, Mr. P. A. L., Room 304, Chartered Bank Building, HONG KONG.

VISICK, Mrs. Mary, Dept. of English, University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

WALDEN, Mr. John, I The Homestead, The Peak, HONG KONG,

WALKER, Mr. A. P., 4 Felix Villas, 61 Mount Davis Road, HONG KONG.

WALKER, Ms. Prudence, 4 Felix Villas, 61 Mount Davis Road, HONG KONG.

WALTERS, Dr. Richard P., 2C London Court, 41 Conduit Road, HONG KONG.

WALTERS, Mrs. Sandra L., 2C London Court, 41 Conduit Road, HONG KONG.

WARD, Miss Barbara E., New Asia College, Chinese University of H.K., Shatin, NEW TERRITORIES.

WATERS, Mr. D. D., c/o Education Department, Lee Gardens, Hysan Avenue, HONG KONG.
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WATT, Mr. James,

ORDINARY LOCAL MEMBERS

Chinese University of Hong Kong,

Shatin,

NEW TERRITORIES.

WATT, Mr. Mo-Kei, Cheong K. Co., Cheong K. Building,

84 Des Voeux Road C., 2/Fl., HONG KONG.

WEN, Dr. Ch'ing-Hsi, Rhenish Church College, 30 Hereford Road, KOWLOON.

WHOLEY, Mr. J. W., Agriculture & Fisheries Dept., 393 Canton Road, KOWLOON.

WILLIS, Mr. David Nye, H.K. Tourist Association, Connaught Centre, 35/F, HONG KONG.

WILLOUGHBY, Prof. P. G., 59 High West,

142 Pokfulam Road, HONG KONG.

WILSON, Mr. Brian D., Flat 2D,

30 Plunketts Road, The Peak,

HONG KONG.

WILSON, Mr. D. C., 2 Mount Kellett Road, HONG KONG.

WILSON, Mr. James K., Economic Services Branch, Colonial Secretariat, Lower Albert Road,

HONG KONG.

WIN, Mr. Oliver,

Suite 1, 13th Floor.

Imperial Building, 58-66 Canton Road, KOWLOON.

WINKLER, Mrs. Rowena, C 62 Carolina Gardens, 30 Coombe Road, HONG KONG.

WONG, Miss Marion,

8 Fung Fai Terrace, Happy Valley, HONG KONG.

WONG, Mr. Siu Lun, Dept. of Sociology, University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

WOODS, Mrs. Rowena, c/o Flat 18, 9/F, Block I, Scenic Villas, Victoria Road, HONG KONG.

WRIGHT, Mr. D. A. L., c/o The Hong Kong Club, HONG KONG.

WRIGHT, Dr. Leigh R., Dept. of History,

University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

WYMAN, Mrs. Pamela, 23B Ventris Road,

Happy Valley,

HONG KONG.

YEUNG, Mr. Michael Wing Chiu, 12D, 80 Gloucester Road, HONG KONG.

YOUNG, Mr. Richard, The British Council,

Easey Commercial Building, 255 Hennessy Road, HONG KONG.

ZIGAL, Mrs. Irene, 12 Bowen Road, HONG KONG.

253
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LOÈS, Dr. Sabine de

WONG, Mr Kwok Fong

LOSEBY, Miss Patricia

LUK, Mr. George Ping-chuen

WONG, Mr Peng-cheong YEUNG, Mr Walter W.T.

LUM, Miss Ada

MACKENZIE, Mr. John

MACKEOWN, Dr. P.K.

MARDEN, Mrs. J.L.

MCCRARY, Mr. Michael

MCINTYRE, Mr. W.M.

MCKEIRNAN, Rev. Michael

NORONHA, Mr. J.E.

OGDEN, Mr. B.J.N. OU, Miss G.

PAIN, Mr. John H. PICCUS, Mr. R.P. RAE, Mr. John Allan RAWLINSON, Mr. M.C. RAYNER, Dr. Mary RIDE, Lady May RUST, Mr. H.A.

RYDINGS, Mr. H.A., MBE SEED, Mr. Brian SELLETT, Mr. George SERSALE, Miss Shelia M. SHAW, Dr Brian C.

SHAW, Mrs Felicity

SMITH, Rev. Carl. T. SMITH, Mr Leslie C. SPOONER, Mr Michael G. SU, Dr Chung Jen TAN, Mr Khek-seng TANG, Sir Shiu-kin, CBE TANG, Mrs Madeleine THOMAS, Mr Louis F. THOMPSON, Mr. P.J. THROWER, Prof. L.B. THROWER, Dr Stella TON CHEN, Mrs Chp-ching TORRIBLE, Mr Graham R. URE, Mr Gavin M.N, WATSON, Mr K.A.

WAUNG, Mr William Sikying WEINREBE, Mr Harry M. WERLE, Ms Helga WESLEY-SMITH, Dr Peter WILLIAMS, Mr Roger WILLIAMS, Mr Bernard V. WILLIAMS, Mr & Mrs W.D.F. WINKLER, Mrs E.

YOUNG, Miss Pauline

INSTITUTIONAL MEMBER

AGRICULTURE & FISHERIES DEPT. The Director

LOCAL ORDINARY MEMBERS

ABBOTT, Mrs Elizabeth Lee

ADDIS, Mr Stewart

ADDIS, Mrs Diana

AIKEN, Mrs Lorna

AKERS-JONES, Mr D.

ALLCOCK, Mr R.C.

ARCHER, The Hon. Mrs S.

ASHCROFT, Miss Jacqueline P. AUM, Mr K.N.

BARD, Dr S.M.

BARRETTO, Mr Ruy 0.

BATSON, Lt. Col. J.F.S. BEHRENS, Mr Ernst H. BERTRAM, Mr James BIRCH, Dr Alan BLAIKLEY, Mr P.E. BONAVIA, Mrs Judith E. BOWMAN, Mr S.A.W. BOWMAN, Mrs Dorothy BOYLAN, Mrs. Catherine BRAGA, Mr Paul BRAMWELL, Mr Hartley BRANDON, Miss Jacqueline N. BRAUN, Mr Francis BRAY, Miss Jennifer M. BROMFIELD, Mr A.C. BROMFIELD, Mrs Jeanne BROOM, Mr Michael B. BROUWER, Mrs R.P. BROWN, Mr Edward de R. BROWN, Mr Gerald H. BROWN, Dr H.O. BURNS, Dr John P. CAMERON, Mr Nigel

CAMERON, Mrs Susan

CAMPBELL, Mr Mark C.

CANTERS, Mr Rene

CAREY-HUGHES, Dr John

CENTRE OF ASIAN STUDIES
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KING, Miss Carol A. KIRKBRIDE, Mr K.M.G. KROPATSCHECK, Mrs Hannemarie

KWAN, Mrs Alice W.S.C. KWOK, Mr Ping Leong LACK, Mr Alan J. LAI, Miss Merlin S.C. LANG, Mr Frederick G. LAWRENCE, Mr Anthony LAWTON, Mr David LEE, Mr Peter E.I. LEE, Mr Peter J. LEE, Mrs R.M.

LEE, Miss Sandra Suk Yee LEE, Mrs S. Jane LERNER, Mr Bernard LEVIN, Mr David A. LEVIN, Ms. Stephanie S. LI, Mr Edwin Lao LI, Mr Shi-Yi LIARDET, Mr A.J. LIN, Mr Tien-Wai

LIU, Miss Dimon

LLOYD, Mrs Aileen S. LLOYD, Mrs Waltraud E.

LO, Miss Alexandra Dak Wai LO, Mr Shu-wing LOCKING, Mr J.R. LOFTS, Prof. Brian LOK, Dr Leonora Shin U. LOK, Miss Wai Kwan LOVELL, Mrs Hin-Cheung LUNNEY, Mr Raymond LUTZ, Mr Hans F. MA, Prof. Ho-Kei MA, Mrs Jackie

MA, Prof. Meng, MBE MACCABE, Mrs S.J. MACCALLUM, Mr. I.

MACCALLUM, Mrs Wendy M.

MACGREGOR, Mr Keith

MAHLKE, Mr William J.

MANSON, Mr James B.

MAO, Dr Philip Wen-chee MARKEY, Mr J.C. MARTIN, Dr Michael R. MASON, Mr A.K. MATHEW, Mr David

MATHEWS, Mr J.F. MAYERS, Mr Walter MCLEAN, Mrs Robyn H. MCCULLY, Mrs Arthur M. MCDONALD, Mrs John R. MCELNEY, Mr Brian S. MINERS, Dr N.J. MINTER, Mr C.J.W. MITCHELL, Mr Eion A. MITCHELL, Mrs Ruth M. MORGAN, Ms V. Elaine MOSER, Mr Michael J. MOYLE, Mr G.C. MULLOY, Mr G.N. MURPHY, Mr Francis S. NEWBIGGING, Mr D.K. NEWBIGGING, Mrs Carolyn NG, Dr Margaret N. NG, Miss Tonia NGUYET, Mrs Tuyet O'HARA, Mr Randolph ONG, Prof. Guan Bee OUTCH, Mr William T. ORR, Mr Iain Campbell OXLEY, Mr C.W.B. PARRINGTON, Miss June PARRY, Mr Roger H. PERESYPKIN, Mr Oleg P. PICKARD, Mrs Jane PICKFORD, Mr John B. PRESCOTT, Mr Jon A. PRYOR, Dr E.G.

QUESTED, Mrs Rosemary RAM, Mrs Jane REDDING, Dr S.G.

REYNOLDS, Prof. W.A.

REYNOLDS, Mrs Johanne

RHODES, Mr Peter F.

RIBEIRO, Mrs Susan

RICHARDS, Dr S.F.

RICHARDS, Mrs J.K. RICK, Mr D.R. RIGG, Mrs Jillian R. ROBERTSON, Mrs A.G. ROBERTSON, Mrs W.G. ROHRS, Mr Kenneth R. ROPER, Mr G.W.

ROSS, Mr David M. ROWARK, Mrs Sally
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SALMON, Mrs P.A.

SAPSTEAD, Mr Gordon A.G. SCOTT, Dr. Ian

SEARLS, Mr M.W., Jr. SHAM, Mr Francis SHANNON, Major J.M. SIDDLE Mr Oliver R.

SIEGFRIED, Mrs Stephanie S. SIU, Mr Anthony Kwok-Kin SMITH, Mr Reginald C. SMITH, Mr Stewart P. SMITH-ROBERTS, Miss Karen A.

SO, Dr Chak Lam STEAD, Miss S.M.

STEINER, Mr Henry STEWART, Miss Jessie STRICKLAND, Mr John E. STUMF, Mr Karl L., O.B.E. SU, Mr Samson SURECK, Mr Joseph SURECK, Mrs Joseph

TAM, Miss Adelaide Chiu-hor TANG, Mr David TANG, Mr Hai Chiu

TANG, Mr Stephen Wing-hung TAYLOR, Mrs V.V. THATCHER, Mr Melvin Paul THOMAS, Mr Reginald THOMAS, Mrs S.E. THOMPSON, Mr F. John TING, Mr Joseph Sun Pao TING, Mr Thomas Kam-Shu TISDALL, Mr Brian TOCHRANE, Miss Vera TOH, Miss Esther

TOOGOOD, Mr C.W.

TRETIAK, Professor Daniel

TSANG, Mr Augustin Chung-Kong

TSANG, Mr Hin Sum

TSO, Miss Priscilla

TURNER, Mr H. David

TWITCHETT, Miss Yvonne VINE, Mr P.A.K.

WALKER, Mr A.P. WALKER, Mrs Prudence WALTERS, Mrs Sandra L. WATERS, Mr D.D. WATT, Mr James WATT, Mr Mo-Kei

WEBB, Mrs Susan M. WEI, Miss Peh T'i

WHITTAM, Mr Anthony R. WHOLEY, Mr. J.W. WILLIAMS, Miss Stephanie WILLIS, Mr David Nye WILLOUGHBY, Prof. P.G. WILSON, Mr Brian D. WILSON, Miss Elinor WIN, Mr Oliver

215

WINKLER, Mrs Rowena WONG, Miss Marion WONG, Mr Siu-Lun WOODS, Mrs Rowena WORKMAN, Dr Gillian WRIGHT, Mr D.A.L. WRIGHT, Dr Leigh R, WRIGHT, Miss V. Moya YANG, The Hon. Mr Justice YEUNG, Mr Michael Wing Chiu YOUNG, Dr John D. YOUNG, Mr Richard YUNG, Mr David C.W. ZIGAL, Mrs Irene

OVERSEAS LIFE MEMBERS ARMERDING, Mr Ludwig E. BAKER, Dr Hugh David R. BAKER, Mr William Ernest BALL, Mr John M. BARNETT, Mr K.M.A. BENNISON, Mr Larry L.

BERTUCCIOLI, Dr Giuliano

BLACKMORE, Mr Michael

BLACK, Sir Robert BLAKER, Mr D.J.R. CAPLAN, Mr Malcolm

CARLSON, Miss R.E. CATER, Sir Jack

CLARKE, Rev. Cyril S. COCKELL, Miss Juve V. COLLIN, Mr P.H.

COSBY, Mr Ivan P.S.G. COSTANTINI, Dr Giulio COSTANTINI, Mrs G.

CRANMER-BYNG, Prof. J.L.

CUMMING, Mrs Dorothy M.

DUNCANSON, Mr J.D.

EWING, Miss E.
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Hunter, Jane, The Gospel of Gentility, American Women Missionaries in Turn-of the Century China, New Haven Yale University Press, 1984

Hunter, W C. The 'Fan Kwae' at Canton, London Kegan Paul, 1882 (Taipei Reprint Ch'eng-wen Publishing)

Hunter, William, Bits of Old China, London K Paul, French, 1885

Hutchison, James Lafayette, China Hand, Boston and New York Lothrop, Lee and Shepard, 1936

Hutchison, Paul, ed. A Guide to Important Missionary Stations in Eastern China Lying Along the Main Routes of Travel, Shanghai Mission Book Company, 1920

Hyatt, Irwin T, Jr, Our Ordered Lives Confess. Three 19th Century Missionaries in East Shantung, Cambridge (Mass). Harvard University Press, 1976

Ichiko, Chuzo, Political and Institutional Reform, Cambridge History of China, vol II, 375-415

Inglis, Brian, The Opium War, London Hodder and Stoughton, 1976

International Mission Council, Christian Education in China, A Study Made by an Education Commission Representing the Mission Boards and Societies Conducting Work in China, New York, 1922

Isaacs, Harold Robert. Images of Asia, New York and London. Harper and Row, 1972

Jesuits, Letters from Missions, The Travels of Several Learned Missioners of the Society of Jesus translated from the French in 1713, London printed for R Gosling, 1714

1

Johnston, Alan James, The Footprints of the Pheasant in the Snow, Portland Me Johnston, 1976, 1978

Johnston, R. F, From Peking to Mandalay, London John Murray, 1903 (Taipei Reprint Ch'eng-wen Publishing)

Twilight in the Forbidden City, London Victor Gollancz, 1934 (Hong Kong Reprint Oxford University Press)

Jones, Francis Clifford, Shanghai and Tientsin, With Special Reference to Foreign interests, London Oxford University Press, 1940

Kemp, Emily Georgina (b 1860), The Face of China. Travels in Eastern, Northern, Central and Western China, with Some Accounts of New School, Universities, Missions, New York Duffield and Co. 1909

Chinese Mettle, London and New York Hodder and Stoughton, 1921
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FIRST WORLD WAR LABOUR CORPS CEMETERIES IN FLANDERS

BRIAN C. FAWCETT

This note follows on from that written by Dan Waters.

There are several cemeteries in Flanders in which members of the Chinese Labour Corps are buried, some containing as few as two or three graves; one of the largish is that of the Indian and Chinese British Cemetery at Ayette, which was a scene of fighting in 1918.

Whilst on a battlefield tour in July, 1998, my wife and I were fortunate to make a very short visit to Ayette Cemetery. This is reached down an unmade dirt-track off the D919 about 16 kilometres south of Arras. It contains the graves of ten soldiers of the Indian Army, forty-two men of the Indian Labour Corps, one German prisoner, twenty-seven men of the British Chinese Labour Corps and six men of the French Chinese Labour Corps.

Instead of the Cross of Sacrifice, there is a pagoda-shaped shelter at the back. A double flight of steps leads to the gravestones, those of the Chinese being on the left and those of the Indians on the right.

Unfortunately during our fleeting visit I was unable to view all the gravestones but noted that, whereas the British Chinese Labour Corps gravestones were engraved with Chinese and English characters, giving the man's number and date of death, with a suitable inscription, those for the French Chinese Labour Corps had a small plate inserted therein giving the man's name, date of death and "Mort pour La France.” The shape of the gravestones is also different, those for the French being more rounded at the top. I was unable to read the Chinese characters but for anyone interested details of each grave are recorded in the memorial registers which can be found in the cemeteries, or may be obtained, for a fee, from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.2

As with all Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries it was in immaculate condition, the grass being cut and the flowers
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CONTENTS

PRESIDENT'S REPORT ............................................................ XIV

FRIENDS OF THE HKBRAS (UK) REPORT .......................... xxvii

HON. AUDITOR'S REPORT ....................................................... xxx

HON. LIBRARIAN'S REPORT ................................................... xlii

ARTICLES

Solomon Bard - Tea and Opium ............................................... 1

Teresa Kowalska - Tea, Ivory and Ebony: Tracing Colonial Threads in the Inseparable Life and Literature of Han Suyin ........ 21

Brian C. Fawcett - The Chinese Labour Corps in France, 1917-1921 ............................................................... 33

Keith Stevens and Jennifer Welch - The Celestial Ministry of Time ............................................................... 113

Keith Stevens - Images on Popular Religion Altars of the Heroes Involved in the Suppression of the An Lushan Rebellion (AD 755-763) ........................................................ 155

Dan Waters - The Two Obelisks at Tai Tam ....................... 185

NOTES AND QUERIES

Keith Stevens - Patron Deity of Prostitutes: Zhu Bajie ........ 195

Barbara Park - A Walk along Harlech and Lugard Roads ...... 197

Dan Waters - Designatory Letters after an RAS Member's Name ............................................................... 205

Dan Waters - Photographs from the HKBRAS Photographic Exhibition held in January 2001 at the City University ........ 207
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CONTRIBUTORS

Solomon Bard, O.B.E., E.D., is a long-time, well-known resident of Hong Kong and amongst his many other accomplishments is a musician, archaeologist and historian. His published works include the following: In Search of the Past: A Guide to the Antiquities of Hong Kong (Urban Council, Hong Kong, 1988); Traders of Hong Kong: Some Foreign Merchant Houses, 1841-1899 (Urban Council, Hong Kong, 1993); and Garrison Memorials in Hong Kong: Some Graves and Monuments at Happy Valley (Antiquities and Monuments Office, Hong Kong, Occasional Paper No. 4, 1997).

Brian C. Fawcett, was born in the Far East where his father served with the Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation. He also joined the bank and served from 1961 to 1978, being based in Hong Kong from 1971 to 1978. During that time he was also a volunteer with the Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force, now the Government Flying Services. He is a life member of HKBRAS.

Peter Halliday, M.A., Ph.D., is an Assistant Commissioner with the Hong Kong Police Force and is in charge of the Information Systems Wing. He has been the Hon. Editor of the HKBRAS Journal since 1993 (peterhalliday@police.gov.hk).

James Hayes, Ph.D., D.Litt. (Hon.), is a Past-president of HKBRAS. He is a noted scholar and Hong Kong historian, and has written several books, the most recent being Friends and Teachers: Hong Kong and its People, 1953-87. He has contributed prolifically to the Journal (mouseh1@bigpond.com).

Teresa Kowalska, Ph.D., is a professor of physical chemistry at the Silesian University, Katowice, Poland. She has a distinguished academic record in her chosen field and publishes widely. Her interest in and admiration of, the writer Han Suyin is an extracurricular pursuit (kowalska@uranos.cto.us.edu.pl).

Jack Lao Mou Chi, is a retired Assistant Commissioner of Labour of the Hong Kong Government and a member of HKBRAS.

Barbara Park, is a landscape designer and a long-time member of HKBRAS.

xii
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28

Five of volume two, A Mortal Flower, she remarks:

I was making fifteen dollars a month more than he [the Chinese male secretary] did. I had crossed the “Chinese" line, I was on my way towards "Eurasian" pay, though a great deal below European pay. I never would attain the latter, unless I married a European, perhaps.

The subtle well-ordered differences in status and in pay even among Eurasians, where it depended upon being more, or less, Chinese, I learnt about during the two years I was a secretary at the P.U.M.C. But I had no sense of personal injustice because I was not there to stay, I was there to earn money while preparing myself for the University. I did not fight for wages, I merely found two extra jobs to do in my spare time, to increase my study fund quickly.

Preparation for the University meant a lot of self-educational effort also, which in the simplest way could be attained by the passionate devouring of books. One of them was entitled Races of the World and included the following 'pre-medical knowledge' for the covetous young student (the same Chapter Five from A Mortal Flower):

There are four races in the world; white, yellow, red and black... the white race is distinguished by the characteristic that its BRAIN WEIGHT is the highest; the brain of the average white man weighs one thousand six hundred grammes, that of the yellow man one thousand four hundred, the red man's brain weighs one thousand three hundred and forty and the black man's round about one thousand two hundred...

Further, Han Suyin continues:

This account was illustrated by pictures, front and profile of skulls; with captions calling attention to “width of brow.” There were a few lines on mixtures. “Racial mixtures are prone to mental unbalance, hysteria, alcoholism, generally of weak character and untrustworthy...

"Oh God," I prayed, "don't let me go mad, don't let my brain go, I want to study.”

17

Throughout her life, Han Suyin was to incessantly be confronted with racism, to a considerable degree the derivative of colonialism and
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33

THE CHINESE LABOUR CORPS IN FRANCE

1917-1921

BRIAN C FAWCETT

"What were the Chinese doing in France during the First World War?"

The above is a frequent question, not only posed by people in the UK but also, as we found, by amazed French people in their own country.

To answer this, and also as a possibility for a visit by a larger group of Friends of the RAS [Hong Kong Branch] in the UK, a small group under the guidance of Keith Stevens, accompanied by Jenny Welch, Paul Bolding, John Tamplin, David Mahoney, my French wife, Claudine and myself, decided to investigate. Claudine and I have also made separate visits, but more of our findings later.

Introduction

Briefly the reasons as to why the Chinese were in France may be stated as follows:

As China was not a belligerent nation, her nationals were not allowed by their government to participate in the fighting. The recruiting for labourers was launched by the War Committee in London, in 1916, to form a Labour Corps of labourers from China to serve in France and to be known as the Chinese Labour Corps [CLC]. This was because, as the war progressed, Great Britain and her allies required more manpower for their Forces, so releasing those men who were assisting at the docks unloading necessary supplies and war material. The Allies regarded such recruitment of labour in market and business terms rather than as politically significant Chinese participation in the war. The Chinese did declare war against Germany and Austria-Hungary on 14th August 1917, for reasons of domestic policy and also to ingratiate themselves with the Powers and win resources from them which would support a military campaign to reunify the country under Beijing's rule.

The scheme to supply men was originated in June 1915 by Liang
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Is that they're not the sort

To ever be thought of as frantic.

13 Diana and Charles

This group of ours includes all manner

Of people. There's one who's a spanner.

There's no end of ditches

He's spanned with his bridges.

His wife's quite nice too - that's Diana.

15 Giovanna

C'è anche una bella signora

Da Padova in Italia, allora.

She 'as a bag-a, più grande.

She say: 'Is a-very ‘andy,

Whenever I go on a tour-a.'

17 Jenny

Shopping, and more shopping yet.

She'll be at it tomorrow, I'll bet.

With her hats and her scarves

She don't do things by halves.

But remember, it's a very small jet.

19 Christopher

A classical scholar, a star,

He's been high and low, near and far.

He's come quite a journey, This pukka attorney.

He'd go anywhere if called to the bar.

21 Brian

On account of her glasses,

But what does she say? 'No thank 'ee.'

14 Alan

There is one other engineer,

From whom every day you will hear:

'It's better by far

With the KCR.'

But not in Bhutan, I fear.

16 Helen and Ian

Australia has regulations.

It's one of those fussier nations.

But he wants to take back

The tail end of a yak.

Says she: "This will strain our relations."

18 Rupert

There is one geographical gent

Who has quite a musical bent.

He gets his horn off the shelf

And plays with himself.

NO - BY himself, that's what I meant.

20 Felicity

The style of this lady is simplicity.

So calm, yet so much tenacity.

She has to be so.

It's her husband, y'know You all know her name - it's Felicity!

22 Robert

I've been up

I didn't have time to do me.

half the night, y'see.

There is one chap who's made our lives hell,

For he's constantly ringing his bell.

But his job's been quite tough

With a group that's so rough.

Napoleon - we all think you're swell!

But I suppose if I must

I could... maybe... just.

Leave it with me a while and we'll see.
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which reveal the diversities in missionary styles and traditions, review research materials available in volumes such as the following: Gerald H. Anderson, Robert T. Coote, Norman A. Homer, and James M. Phillips, eds., Mission Legacies: Biographical Studies of Leaders of the Modern Missionary Movement (Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1994; see the articles on "Mission" and individual missionaries in Nigel M. de S. Cameron, David F. Wright, David C. Lachman, Donald E. Meek, eds., Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology (Edinburgh: T&T Clark Ltd., 1993); A Scott Moreau, Harold Netland, Charles Van Engen, eds., Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books, 2000); and relevant articles in Scott W. Sunquist, David Wu Chu Sing, John Chew Hiang Chea, eds., A Dictionary of Asian Christianity (Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., 2001). For a recent article which places Legge into a broader context of missiological studies, consult Lauren Pfister, "The Mengzian Matrix for Accommodationist Missionary Apologetics”, Monumenta Serica 50 (2002), pp. 1-25.

5. See examples of this oversight in articles of the Chinese Repository (1831-1850), which was edited for most of its existence by the American missionary, Elijah Bridgman (Bei Zhiwen, 1801-1861), and the longer running Evangelical Magazine And Missionary Chronicle (below simply EMMC) edited from the 1820s to the 1850s by Legge's father-in-law, John Morison (c. 1795-1859). Special efforts in recent years have sought to correct this irregular normality in missionary literature and missionary studies, including more recently published works by Irene Eber on Bishop Joseph Schereschewesky, Michael Lazich on Elijah Bridgman, Jost Zetzsche on Chinese Bible translation and translators, and Lauren Pfister on James Legge's missionary career, as well as more general historical studies on Chinese Christians in English works by Carl T. Smith, Jessie Lutz, and Daniel Bays, as well as extensive Chinese studies in Hong Kong written by Lee Kam-keung, Timothy Wong Man-kong, Leung Ka-lun, and Ying Fuk-tsang. A new generation of younger scholars in mainland China are also writing new accounts of the early Roman Catholic and Protestant missionary histories, but while the Catholic studies often refer to the Chinese Christians involved, the Protestant studies are still largely hampered by lack of research into the Chinese converts, missionaries, and pastors during these earlier periods.

6. The early History of Anglo-Chinese College has been the subject of a monograph by Brian Harrison, Waiting for China: The Anglo-Chinese College at Malacca, 1818-1843, and early Nineteenth Century Missions (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1981), and special biographical details about a number of students are found in Carl Smith's two major works, Chinese Christians: Élites, Middlemen, and the Church in Hong Kong (Hong Kong; Oxford University Press, 1985) and A Sense of History: Studies in the Social and Urban History of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Educational Publishing Co., 1995). In these works Smith briefly describes among others the three Chinese students who joined Legge in an interview with Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in February 1848: Lee Kim Leen, Song Hoot Kiam, and Ng Mun Sow. See Chinese Christians, pp.82, 148-149 and A Sense of History, pp. 339ff. This event was memorialized in a painting of 1848 that later became part of a commemorative
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462-

but not by the use of electrical schemes

with cables and pylons which shatter our dreams.

But put in some plumbing, and finish the floors,

and fix all the wiring and make sure the water's hot!

(We'll all drink to that.)

Brian C. flew in from London, just to join the Bhutan tour.

If you ask him 'Was it worth the effort?' He will answer ‘Sure.

I have seen the Himalayas, I've enjoyed the clear blue sky.

I have seen the zoars and takins and the yaks in pastures high.

I have swum in icy rivers, I have drunk the Tiger beer.

So of course I think it's worth it to have come from there to here!'

For Italian chic in the matter of shoes,

don't look any further, I know who I'd choose.

Gigi and her mother Giovanna must know

how to find rugged footwear, for they don't walk slow!

Now speaking of shoes, there's a tale I can tell

about a nice couple I've got to know well.
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