[ { "id": 209467, "series_id": 26, "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine", "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "RAS-1982", "page_number": 124, "title": "RAS-1982", "content_text": "102\n\nW. ALLYN RICKETT\n\nJudicial Conference was held for the primary purpose of regulating local courts and local court-affiliated organizations such as neighbourhood mediation and factory-based comrade adjudication committees.\n\nBy the end of 1953, the Chinese Communists announced that the period of reconstruction was coming to an end, the \"New Democratic\" phase of the revolution was complete, and it was time to start the building of socialism. In September 1954, a new constitution was promulgated which established a new government under a National People's Congress (NPC) and provided the basis for a judicial system, which in administering justice, was supposed to be independent, subject only to law. There was a standard list of rights for citizens including freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of the press. Although this did not prevent a repressive campaign against intellectuals and the arrest of the writer Hu Feng in 1955, in general the 1954 Constitution set the stage for what was to be the most constructive period for legal development in China during the first 30 years of the People's Republic. Provision was made for a Ministry of Justice responsible for the general administration of justice and the training of judicial cadres, and for a procuratorate which was to review recommendations from public security offices concerning the arrest of suspected criminals, and which would also prosecute cases before the court. The procuratorate was also charged with ensuring that the activities of government complied with the law, and investigating and prosecuting serious crimes committed by state officials. Malfeasance involving officials was also investigated by a Ministry of Supervision, an organ which was later eliminated. However, the investigation of Party members was the prerogative of Party control commissions.\n\n\"The Organic Law of the People's Courts,\" adopted by the NPC at the same time as the Constitution, spelled out in more detail some of the basic provisions of the Constitution, providing, for example, that in \"adjudicating cases the people's courts shall apply the law equally to all citizens irrespective of their nationality, race, sex, occupation, social origin, religious belief, educational standard, property status, and length of residence.\" It also stated that cases \"shall be heard in public unless otherwise provided for", "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-1982.txt", "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mk61z420p", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 210938, "series_id": 26, "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine", "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "RAS-1986", "page_number": 288, "title": "RAS-1986", "content_text": "271\n\ncounter to one side of the entrance hall. We were not allowed to enter until the opening ceremony at 10 sharp, when a male executive came out, looked at the \"opening hours\" signboard outside the entrance, and then placed himself in the centre, flanked by the two girls. Together, they bowed us into the building.\n\nMuch more was in store for us. As usual, all the employees, male and female, and there were very many of them, standing in their sections. Being among the first customers, we received many bows and gracious words of welcome. Similarly, at each escalator level, more floor staff together with executives waited to receive us as we ascended to the first and second floors. Meanwhile, an organ began to play. First (presumably) came the Japanese national anthem and (perhaps) the Company's own song, and then a selection of “vintage” Western songs of the type popular before the Second World War. Advancing to the balcony, and looking down, I was astounded to see a large assembly hall at ground level, with a huge multi-coloured wooden religious carving in the centre and a large painting (in fact, two, as it was paralleled by another on the opposite wall, hidden from my view). The organist was there, placed high up behind the carving. Looking up, I saw the coloured glass roof of the building high above me and each succeeding upper floor. The whole, being old and opulent, together with the ceremonial and the music and the art works, caused a very acute awareness of time and place, so that I felt the occasion deeply. Indeed, I cannot recall being so affected in recent years.\n\nUpon descending to the hall — and cursing myself for having told Mabel not to bring the camera as I thought it unnecessary and just something more to carry — we found that the carving and the paintings had been specially commissioned about the years 1906-08, which probably dates the building to that period. What a pity not to have all this on film!\n\nHong Kong, June 1986\n\nJames Hayes\n\nEnd note: Mitsukoshi is the department store chain of the famous Mitsui concern which began the drapery side of its business in Edo (Tokyo) in the early 17th century. See Charles J. Dunn, Everyday Life in Traditional Japan (Tokyo, Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1972), pp. 114-121.", "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-1986.txt", "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/jq08c7063", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 215041, "series_id": 26, "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine", "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "RAS-2000", "page_number": 137, "title": "RAS-2000", "content_text": "93\n\nWaters, D. D: The Chinese labour Corps in the First World War : Labourers buried in France : Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: Vol. 35 : 1995\n\nThe Commonwealth War Graves Commission,\n\n2 Marlow Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire, SL6 7DX\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\nTel: 44-1628 634221 Fax: 44-1628 771208\n\nImperial War Museum\n\nNOTES\n\n1\n\n3\n\nLambeth Road, London, SE1 6HZ Tel. 020 7416 5000\n\nLiang Shiyi (1869-1933). Chinese government official and financier. Under the Qing government, amongst his financial dealings, he helped found the Bank of Communications (1907). He was President of the Board of Communications (1912), Chief Secretary in the Presidential Office and General Manager of the Bank of Communications, acting Finance Minister (1913-1915); Director-General of the National Revenue Administration and Director-General of the Domestic Loans Office. He was linked with Yuan Shikai and in 1916 fled to Hong Kong. He formed the Wei Min Corporation for the recruitment of Chinese labourers to serve in France, as a proponent of China's entry into the war. Returning to Beijing in 1918, he was made Chairman of the Board of the Bank of Communications; Speaker of the National Assembly; Director of the Domestic Loan Bureau (1920); and Prime Minister (1921-1922). After exile (1922-1925) he again served in the Beijing Government under both Duan Jirui and Zhang Zuolin. He retired to Hong Kong in 1928 after the Northern Expedition reached Beijing.\n\nThis was usually referred to by “real” soldiers as the Crosse and Blackwells, as this British provision company had a very similar crest.\n\nLt Col. Bryan Charles Fairfax, a Yorkshireman, was born on 12th September 1873, the second son of Col. T.F. (or L?) Fairfax of the Grenadier Guards and passed through the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, being commissioned on 8th March 1893 into the Durham Light Infantry (DLI). He was posted to the 2nd Battalion, then serving in India. In 1898 he volunteered for service with the newly raised 1 Battalion, The Chinese Regiment of Infantry, stationed in Weihai", "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-2000.txt", "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 216382, "series_id": 26, "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine", "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "RAS-2003", "page_number": 141, "title": "RAS-2003", "content_text": "91\n\n1993-now Kingdom of Cambodia\n\nSihanouk returned as king, and the name Kingdom of Cambodia was again used. The Khmer Rouge withdrew from participation in the political process, and continued armed conflict until 1997. As the military strength of the Khmer Rouge declined, this conflict became more and more sporadic.\n\n2. The proposed Tribunal\n\nThe atrocities of the Khmer Rouge began to be documented in the period of the People's Republic of Kampuchea. For example, the S-21 \"Tuol Sleng\" was established from 1975 to 1978 as a security office for interrogation and extermination of prisoners. The site, in a suburban Phnom Penh high school, has been a museum to the victims since 1980. Assessment and documentation of the many cases has continued through the subsequent two decades, and a substantial record is maintained by the Documentation Centre of Cambodia (DC-Cam).\n\nIn 1979, the PRK government had held a trial, in which Pol Pot and Ieng Sary were convicted and sentenced to death in absentia for their crimes. However, the trial was not accepted internationally because of concerns about the processes, and because of the diplomatic isolation of the PRK government.\n\nResponses to the atrocities in the former Yugoslavia, and in Rwanda, included the establishment by the United Nations of international tribunals at The Hague and at Arusha, respectively. International pressure for some kind of legal resolution of the atrocities in the period of Democratic Khmer also increased, as did pressure within Cambodia itself.\n\nIn 1997, the Cambodian government asked the United Nations for assistance in organising a process for the Khmer Rouge trials. This led to the adoption of a resolution in the UN General Assembly in December 1997, enabling the Secretary-General to negotiate. Negotiations dragged on, with Cambodia producing a draft law in 1999, and that law passed the National Assembly in 2001.2 The United Nations negotiator, Hans Correll, objected that the law did not give effect to the agreement between the United Nations and the Royal Government. Early in 2002,", "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-2003.txt", "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/2v242g390", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 216383, "series_id": 26, "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine", "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "RAS-2003", "page_number": 142, "title": "RAS-2003", "content_text": "92\n\nthe United Nations withdrew from the negotiating process, citing concerns that trials under the proposed law would not be effective within Cambodia's judicial system.\n\nNegotiations resumed late in 2002, and in early 2003 a further memorandum of understanding was initialled between the UN Representative, and the Royal Government.3 That agreement was approved by the Third Committee of the General Assembly, and then by the General Assembly. The agreement, and the necessary implementing legislation, was put before the Cambodian parliament in mid-2003. However, the Cambodian parliament went into recess for an election held in July 2003. The election did not produce a clear result, and negotiations between the political parties have continued for almost a year. At the time of writing (July 2004) the negotiations appear to have been resolved, and a new cabinet has been formed.\" There is quite a backlog of legislative work, including the legislation for the proposed tribunal. The Prime Minister, Hun Sen, had earlier stated that the legislation will be a high priority for the new legislature.\n\nIn anticipation of the establishment of the tribunal, both the United Nations and the Cambodian Government have formed Task Forces to work towards implementation. At the same time, a number of governments have made financial commitments to the project. The next stage will be the distribution to Cambodians of booklets explaining the tribunal.\n\n3. The Structure and Processes of the Tribunal\n\nThe most recent proposals for the tribunal are contained in the March 2003 agreement initialled by UN representative Hans Correll and Royal Government representative Sok Ann on 17 March 2003. The tribunal will be constituted as Extraordinary Chambers, a Trial Chamber and a Supreme Court Chamber. This is not an international tribunal: these Chambers are established within the existing Cambodian legal system. But the chambers will include a minority of international judges, and at least one international judge must concur with the decision of the Chamber. The Chambers will be served by national and international investigating judges, and national and international prosecutors.", "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-2003.txt", "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/2v242g390", "rank": 0 } ]