[
    {
        "id": 212479,
        "series_id": 26,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine",
        "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "RAS-1991",
        "page_number": 33,
        "title": "RAS-1991",
        "content_text": "13\n\nto succeed him as chief comprador to Butterfield & Swire. However, Yang went into bankruptcy after a Shanghai financial crisis and left a debt of a hundred thousand taels to Butterfield & Swire. As the guarantor, Zheng was accused by the company and as a result he was imprisoned in Hong Kong for a few months. Zheng's business activities were not only confined to Shanghai, he had also been active in Canton. He had been in charge of the branch of Kaiping Coal Mines in Canton from 1891 and also of the Canton-Hankow Railway Co. Moreover, the first Chamber of Commerce in Canton was organised by him in 1905.\n\nXu Run, Tang Tingshu and Zheng Guanying, all came from the same place, Zhongshan prefecture, and shared the same experience in compradorial life and took part in the guandu shangban enterprises under the patronage of Li Hongzhang. Needless to say, they had all chosen Shanghai as the place to develop their careers. They could be regarded as leaders of the Cantonese community in Shanghai. Amongst the three persons, Xu Run was the earliest and youngest in arriving in Shanghai, Tang was regarded as the oldest, he arrived in Shanghai in 1858 aged 27, he had probably been educated and started his career earlier in Hong Kong for a long period. However, though Tang started his compradorial life later, it did not hamper his contribution to modern economic development of China. Tang joined the Kaiping Coal Mines from its beginning and remained with it until the end of his life. After Tang had been engaged in guandu shangban enterprises, particularly in the Kaiping Coal Mines, he confined his business activities mainly to Tianjin, while Xu and Zheng were still active in Shanghai, Canton and Hong Kong.\n\nAn obvious example was the nationalization project of China Merchants' Steam Navigation Co. advocated by Sheng's political rival Yuan Shikai in 1909. Considering Xu was from Yuan's clique and able to use his strong influence in Hong Kong and Macau, Zheng was sent by Sheng to compete with Xu in soliciting the support of Cantonese shareholders in Canton, Hong Kong and Macau in opposition to the nationalization project. Xu and Zheng at that time were backing their own patrons. Xu was pro-Yuan whereas Zheng was pro-Sheng. As a result, Zheng defeated Xu in gaining the support of Cantonese shareholders and successfully kept the company private. It was incorporated as a limited company in 1909.\n\n15\n\nConnection of Cantonese Merchants\n\nMerchants were among the first Cantonese to emigrate to Macau and",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-1991.txt",
        "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/k356gt84j",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 212488,
        "series_id": 26,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine",
        "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "RAS-1991",
        "page_number": 42,
        "title": "RAS-1991",
        "content_text": "22\n\nHao has selected modern enterprises such as steam shipping, coal mines, cotton textile, and machine manufacturing and detected the share of investment by compradors as being substantial.\n\nIn steamship enterprise, compradors' capital in British and American steamship companies established between 1862 and 1875 amounted to 499,975 taels; a modest 19.5% of the total of 2,559,000 taels. However, in steamship companies wholly Chinese-owned and under Chinese directorate between 1871 and 1893, compradors' investment amounted to 54.5% while the government had only 6.94% of the total capital of 1,958,000 taels. In the modern coal mines, compradors' capital amounted to a bigger share of 62.7% or a total of 1,350,116 Mexican dollars. In the total Chinese investment of 18,047,544 dollars in cotton textile manufacturing, compradors' share was 23.23%, second only to the 33.89% of gentry-officials, and in the machine manufacturing industries, the largest share of investment fell to the compradors with a percentage of 27.68 or a total sum of 2,887,000 dollars. The compradors were the first Chinese merchants to invest in the insurance business. They were the pioneers in introducing new types of business such as insurance and later other business methods such as contract, insuring, and limited liability.\n\nNew forms of business like the joint-stock company with limited liability proved successful in attracting investment from the private sector in some guandu shangban enterprises, which also were the first Chinese large-scale modern enterprises like the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Co., the Kaiping Coal Mines, and the Shanghai Cotton Cloth Mill, in which compradors' capital shared 77.8, 100.0, and 70.4 percentages respectively. Definitely, compradors played a decisive role in forming the above enterprises, for they were the first generation of modern enterprises owned and operated by Chinese.\n\nCantonese Compradors in Shanghai\n\nThe compradors played the role as entrepreneurs in modern Chinese enterprises. They were not only fund suppliers but also employed new ways of raising the large amounts of capital needed for these large-scale industrial projects. The typical examples of Cantonese compradors active in Shanghai were Xu Run, Tang Tingshu, and Zheng Guanying. They successfully used the joint-stock system in raising capital for the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Co. in 1873 and Shanghai Cotton",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-1991.txt",
        "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/k356gt84j",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 212491,
        "series_id": 26,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine",
        "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "RAS-1991",
        "page_number": 45,
        "title": "RAS-1991",
        "content_text": "25\n\nItem\n\nTable 5\n\nXu Run's Investment in Modern Enterprises\n\n  \n    Company\n    Amount (T)\n    %\n    Place\n  \n  \n    China Merchants' Steam Navigation Co\n    480,000\n    33.44\n    Shanghai\n  \n  \n    Yun Wo Insurance Co.\n    100,000\n    \n    Shanghai\n  \n  \n    Chi Wo Insurance Co.\n    50,000\n    10 45\n    Shanghai\n  \n  \n    Kaiping Coal Mines\n    150,000\n    \n    Tianjin\n  \n  \n    Guichi Coal Mines\n    100,000\n    \n    Anhui\n  \n  \n    Sanshan Silver Mines\n    60,000\n    \n    Rehe\n  \n  \n    Pingchuan Copper Mines\n    60,000\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    Jinzhou Mines\n    50,000\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    Other Mines\n    10,000\n    29 96\n    \n  \n  \n    Shanghai Cotton Mill\n    50,000\n    \n    Shanghai\n  \n  \n    Shang Jinglun Cotton Mill\n    170,000\n    \n    Shanghai\n  \n  \n    Craseman & Hagen's Filanda (Yantai Saosi Ju)\n    10,200\n    \n    Yantai\n  \n  \n    Paper Manufactury\n    20,000\n    \n    Shanghai\n  \n  \n    Chinese Glass Works Co.\n    30,000\n    \n    Shanghai\n  \n  \n    Shanghai Dairy Farm Co.\n    30,000\n    \n    Shanghai\n  \n  \n    Hong Kong Liyuan Sugar Refinery\n    30,000\n    \n    Hong Kong\n  \n  \n    Tianyi Land Reclamation Co\n    5,000\n    \n    Jinzhou\n  \n  \n    Taggu Cultivation Co.\n    30,000\n    2.44\n    Tianjin\n  \n  \n    Zhongshan Tongyi Ranyuan Cultivation Co\n    1,000($)\n    \n    Guangdong\n  \n  \n    Total\n    1,435,200\n    99.99\n    \n  \n\n(+$1,000)*\n\n* Mexican dollars have not been added in the total or calculated in the percentage\n\nSource: Xu Run, Qing Xu Yuzhi Xiansheng Run Zixu Nianpu.\n\nbut educated in Hong Kong. He first came to Shanghai as an interpreter in the Chinese Maritime Customs in 1859. It is believed that he was introduced by an officer named Horatio Nelson Lay whom Tang had met in Hong Kong. Tang was recruited as a comprador by the Jardine, Matheson & Co. in 1863 but he left in 1872. During the decade of his compradorial career, he invested, planned, organized and assisted in the sale of stocks of a number of enterprises. These enterprises were called modern because they had adopted a new form of ownership, organization and management. Moreover, some of them such as steam navigation and insurance companies were the first to take place in China. Unlike Xu\n\nPage 45\n\nPage 46",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-1991.txt",
        "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/k356gt84j",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 212494,
        "series_id": 26,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine",
        "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "RAS-1991",
        "page_number": 48,
        "title": "RAS-1991",
        "content_text": "28\n\nmissionary named John Fryer. Though he studied only in evening class, he learned to speak English as well as his uncle. In 1859, through his personal ties with Xu Run, he was introduced to Dent & Co. to work as an assistant in freighting and warehousing until 1868 when the firm was dissolved. Zheng then turned to a foreign tea company Heshengxiang as a comprador and later became a manager, and eventually the owner. In 1874, Zheng joined the Butterfield & Swire Co. as a comprador to its affiliate China Navigation Co. until 1881. He then turned to assist Sheng Xuanhuai in managing the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Co. thus terminating his compradorial career.\n\n34\n\nFrom Table 6 we can see Zheng was interested in a lot of modern enterprises. In absence of sources, we are unable to know the exact amount of his investment. A preliminary estimate as shown in the table was about thirty thousand taels. This is near Yenping Hao's assessment of forty thousand taels. Modern enterprises in which Zheng invested varied from commercial and financial to industrial and mining; they were scattered over Shanghai, Tianjin, Canton and other Chinese cities as well as Southeast Asia. As previously discussed, Zheng favoured joint-stock companies. He thought it was a powerful business organization and he considered it reasonable to have opened company accounts as a way to solicit support of shareholders. Zheng was quite conservative in starting a new undertaking. He had objected to Tang Tingshu's plan to establishing the Hongyuan Co. in London in 1881.35 Instead he had shown his genius in solving technical problems occurring in some guandu shangban enterprises such as China Merchants' Steam Navigation Co., Kaiping Coal Mines, Imperial Telegraph Administration, Hanyang Iron Works, Shanghai Cotton Mill and Canton-Hankow Railway Co., for which he had won appreciation from his patrons including Li Hongzhang and Sheng Xuanhuai. He had helped Sheng Xuanhuai in reorganizing the Hanyang Iron Works, Daye Iron Mines with Pingxiang Coal Mines into one limited liability company under the name of Hanyeping. It was incorporated at the Ministry of Commerce in 1908. One year later, he also reorganized the China Merchants Steam Navigation Co. into a public company. Moreover, he was a pioneer in introducing the latest methods in organising joint-stock companies, as he had translated the company laws of Hong Kong promulgated in 1865 from English to Chinese.\n\nAs a Cantonese comprador, merchant and so-called comprador-merchant as mentioned before, Xu, Tang and Zheng were all regarded as outstanding in performing entrepreneurial activities, particularly in",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-1991.txt",
        "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/k356gt84j",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 212495,
        "series_id": 26,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine",
        "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "RAS-1991",
        "page_number": 49,
        "title": "RAS-1991",
        "content_text": "Table 6\n\nZheng Guanying's Investment in Modern Enterprises\n\n29\n\n  \n    Item\n    Amount (taels)\n    Place\n  \n  \n    Union Steamship Navigation Co.\n    ?\n    Shanghai\n  \n  \n    China Merchants' Steam Navigation Co.\n    1,200\n    Shanghai\n  \n  \n    Yuehan Railway Co.\n    ?\n    Canton\n  \n  \n    Renhe Insurance Co.\nShanghai Cotton Mill\nA Paper Manufactory\nA Glass Work\nA Dairy Co.\n    ?\n?\n50,000\n?\n?\n    Shanghai\nShanghai\n?\n?\nShanghai\n  \n  \n    A Silk Filature\n    ?\n    ?\n  \n  \n    Tongwen Book Co.\n    14,000\n    Shanghai\n  \n  \n    Ma'an shan Coal Mines\n    ?\n    ?\n  \n  \n    Jinzhou Coal Mines\n    100,000\n    ?\n  \n  \n    Jilin Gold Mines\nXuancheng Coal Mines\nShandong Mines\nPingchuan Gold Mines\nMianning Gold Mines\nJianping Gold Mines\nChefoo Coal Mines\nYongping Gold Mines\n    ?\n?\nseveral thousand\n36 shares + 4,320\n20 shares + several thousand\n?\nseveral thousand\n?\n    Shanghai\n?\n?\n?\n?\n?\nPingxiang Coal Mines\nHupei\nNantaiwu Shan Coal Mines\nFujian\n  \n  \n    Chengping Silk\n    several thousand\n    ?\n  \n  \n    Kaiping\nCanton Land\n    5,000\n    Canton\n  \n  \n    Tianjin Kutang Land Reclamation\n    3,000\n    Tianjin\n  \n  \n    A Nacre Co.\n    ?\n    ?\n  \n  \n    A Reclamation Project in Malaya\n    ?\n    Malaya\n  \n  \n    Tianjin Peihailou\n    ?\n    Tianjin\n  \n  \n    A Gambling Co.\n    5,000\n    ?\n  \n  \n    Total\n    232,520+?\n    \n  \n\nSources: Wu Chang-chuan, Cheng Kuan-ying: A Case Study of Merchant Participation in the Self-strengthening Movement (1878-1884): Xia-Dongyuan, Zheng Guanying Zhuan.\n\nearly development of modern Chinese enterprises. As shown in the case of Xu, Tang and Zheng, they not only provided funds to modern",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-1991.txt",
        "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/k356gt84j",
        "rank": 0
    }
]