[
    {
        "id": 211010,
        "series_id": 26,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine",
        "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "RAS-1987",
        "page_number": 72,
        "title": "RAS-1987",
        "content_text": "47\n\nwas a middleman and a go-between whose life and work has significance for the social history of education in Hong Kong. A study of his book and his career may possibly even hold some broader significance for comparative and historical studies of educational development.\n\nGeneral methodological background\n\nA considerable proportion of the literature produced recently in the fields of comparative education and history of education focuses on large, general, often policy-related issues.2 There is much to be said for this \"macro\" level orientation. Interesting overviews are provided. Readers gain, relatively painlessly, quick and convenient access to basic facts about educational systems and may be encouraged to recognize significant inter-society comparisons and trends. Writers gain fortification and, perhaps, inspiration by choosing to apply commonly accepted, if usually stipulatively defined, concepts to educational developments in various communities. \"Accountability”, “ethnicity”, “legitimacy”, \"dependency”, “formal”, “lifelong” and “informal\" education are examples of organizing concepts which have, in recent years, triggered off illuminating discussion. However, they have tended to be used at times as fashionable shibboleths.\n\nThe position in relation to colonialism in education is a good example of this tendency. In the post-[and/or neo-]colonial world of the late twentieth century, the actual word “colonialism” has acquired considerable pejorative connotations, not only in the trend-concerned realms of politics and journalism, but also in the republic of academia. As far as colonialism in education is concerned, it is significant that the works of Carnoy1 and Altbach and Kelly4 are based entirely upon macro-studies which concentrate upon formal, official policies, as can be understood or inferred from policy statements and official statistics, or on polemics which are by no means disinterested. Even Ball's interesting critique of Carnoy's theory of colonialism as cultural imperialism uses similar methods and source materials, though the latter are broadened to include data about personal attitudes.5 Gifford and Weiskel set out to identify characteristic “colonial styles” via a comparison of case studies, selected as illustrative “cases” of gen-",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-1987.txt",
        "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/rx919b522",
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    },
    {
        "id": 211011,
        "series_id": 26,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine",
        "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "RAS-1987",
        "page_number": 73,
        "title": "RAS-1987",
        "content_text": "48\n\n6\n\neral trends. More recent work, such as Clive Whitehead's, also critical of the generalisations of Carnoy, is based on an examination of the processes of policy-making, largely at the macro-level.' Whitehead seeks to use a fascinating combination of official archives and personal papers to suggest that there was no consistent and overriding policy of cultural imperialism in or for the British Colonial Empire between the two World Wars. Yet in the final analysis, Whitehead's conclusion, as convincing as it appears, is also the result of a quest for an overview.\n\nThe problem with overviews is that too much may be left out of sharp focus. The problem with a priori reasoning, based upon stipulated conceptual premises is that it may distort, in a Procrustean manner, the local reality. This article demonstrates an alternative to the macro, deductive approach in the belief that, on occasions, such an approach tends to tailor the facts to suit the concepts. This article adopts, instead, the inductive and discursive mode of an historian towards an aspect of formal and informal education in Hong Kong which has extraordinary importance and considerable emotive content — language learning. It examines neither the officially pronounced policy intentions of the Government nor the polemics of pressure groups, but a simple book and its author. This strategy is adopted on the grounds that an attempt to understand an author and his book may provide a small collection of interesting \"snapshots\" from the social history of education in Hong Kong, and that snapshots can be as valid and worthwhile a form of delineation as overviews. This opinion (or view) is advanced largely on pragmatic grounds and in the personal belief that much information can be gathered from an examination of snapshots, though Structuralist arguments in favour of synchronic analyses could also be enlisted. Neither type of argument dismisses the value of overviews completely. Both arguments depend to some extent on the existence of a series of snapshots, which can be argued to be representative. Assuming at least two, it may be possible to use the synchronic analyses for \"before/after\" or other illuminating contrasts.\"\n\nThe snapshots about to be displayed may be examined for the evidence they offer about social structures and relationships in",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-1987.txt",
        "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/rx919b522",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 211031,
        "series_id": 26,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine",
        "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "RAS-1987",
        "page_number": 92,
        "title": "RAS-1987",
        "content_text": "NOTES\n\n67\n\n1\n\nThe South China Morning Post, 20th August, 1904, p. 3.\n\nSee, for example, Mark Bray, Peter B. Clarke, and David Stephens, Education and Society (London: Edward Arnold, 1986); Mark Bray, with Kevin Lillis (eds.), Community Financing of Education: Issues and Policy Implications in Less Developed Countries (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988); Ingemar Fagerlind and Lawrence J. Saba, Education and National Development: Comparative Perspectives (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1983); Prosser Gifford and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.), France and Britain in Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971); George Psacharopoulos and Maureen Woodhall, Education for Development: An Analysis of Investment Choices (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985); R. Murray Thomas (ed.), Politics and Education: Cases from Eleven Nations (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1983).\n\nMartin Carnoy, Education as Cultural Imperialism (New York: McKay, 1974), Philip G. Altbach and Gail P. Kelly (eds.), Education and the Colonial Experience, (2nd Revised Edition New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1984).\n\nStephen J. Ball, 'Imperialism, Social Control and the Colonial Curriculum in Africa', in Ivor F. Goodson and Stephen J. Ball (eds.), Defining the Curriculum: Histories and Ethnographies (London: The Falmer Press, 1984).\n\nProsser Gifford and Timothy Weiskel, “African Education in a Colonial Context: French and British Styles,” in Prosser Gifford and Wm. Roger Louis, France and Britain in Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971).\n\nClive Whitehead, “British Colonial Education Policy: A Synonym for Cultural Imperialism?\", in J. A. Mangan (ed.), Imperialism, Socialization and Education (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988).\n\nIt is not implied that all the works cited above suffer from this defect.\n\n10\n\nThe term \"compradore\" is an Anglicized version of the Portuguese comprador, which literally meant \"provider\" or \"provisioner\". The historical significance of the compradore class has been summarized by Carl Smith in the following terms: \"The compradores were influential in proposing, capitalizing, and managing the modernization and industrialization of China in the latter half of the century. They had received their business training and acquired their capital by functioning as 'middlemen' between the European merchant and the Chinese employees and business contacts of the foreign firm. It was a strategic position which called for a foot in two worlds. A background of ability in the language and an understanding of European thought and manners usually ensured a rapid rise as a compradore.' Carl T. Smith, Chinese Christians: Elites, Middlemen, and the Church in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 63. It may be worth noting that several, but by no means all, of the early compradores in Hong Kong were \"middlemen\" also in the sense that they were of Eurasian birth.\n\n15\n\nSee, for example, Particulars of the Offices of three Assistant Mistresses, Education Department, now vacant in the Colony of Hong Kong, August 1913, in Colonial",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-1987.txt",
        "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/rx919b522",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 215271,
        "series_id": 26,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-rashkb-journal-engine",
        "series_title": "RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "RAS-2001",
        "page_number": 48,
        "title": "RAS-2001",
        "content_text": "1 March 2002\n\nROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH\n\nLIBRARY\n\nADDITIONS LIST 2001/2002\n\nAdams, Edward Ben, 1934-\n\nPalaces of Seoul: Yi dynasty palaces in Korea's capital city; foreword by Hwang Su-Young. Seoul, Korea: Taewon Pub. Co., c1972.\n\nBelden, Jack, 1910-\n\nChina shakes the world. New York: Harper & brothers, c1949.\n\nBodde, Derk, 1909-\n\nLaw in imperial China: exemplified by 190 Ch'ing dynasty cases (translated from the Hsing-an hui-lan) with historical, social, and juridical commentaries. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, c1967.\n\nBoulger, Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh, 1853-1928\n\nThe life of Sir Halliday Macartney, K.C.M.G., commander of Li Hung Chang's trained force in the Taeping rebellion, founder of the first Chinese arsenals, for thirty years councillor and secretary to the Chinese legation in London. London, New York: J. Lane company, 1908.\n\nCarney, Dora Sanders, 1903-\n\nForeign devils had light eyes: a memoir of Shanghai 1933-1939. Toronto: Dorset Pub., 1980.\n\nCopper, John Franklin\n\nWords across the Taiwan Strait: a critique of Beijing's \"White paper\" on China's reunification. Lanham: University Press of America, c1995.\n\nCroft, Michael\n\nRed carpet to China. London: Longmans, c1958.\n\nCronin, Vincent, 1924-\n\nThe wise man from the West. London: R. Hart-Davis, c1955.\n\nxlv",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/dfo323lmgvd/RAS-2001.txt",
        "external_url": "https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/zg651950g",
        "rank": 0
    }
]