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the Twenty-four Heavenly Lords. The Four, said to be brothers, are believed to have been born during the 11th century BC and are now protectors of Mi-lo Fo. The 16th century novel, Feng-shen Yen-i, describes the popular myths surrounding the defeat of the four Mo-li brothers during the legendary wars of the 12th century BC who fought with their magical weapons but whose main weapon was the white rat which devoured all enemies. However, Yang Chien, the nephew of the Jade Emperor and son of Li Ching [the General with the Pagoda] was swallowed by the white rat but once inside it he ate the rat's heart and at the same time transformed himself into the white rat which was unsuspectingly put back into its bag by one of the Mo-li brothers. Yang Chien stole out whilst the Four brothers were in a drunken sleep and stole the magic umbrella, whilst Na-cha who had fought and defeated them broke their magic jade ring. The Four lost heart, were defeated and slain. The war was followed by their canonisation by Chiang Tzu-ya who appointed them to the posts of the Heavenly Kings, controllers of the elements, from whom people sought protection from calamities.
There are standard images of all four of the Great Celestial Kings in both the Ta Pei Ssu and the Pi-yun Ssu.
There has been a certain amount of confusion over the colours, names, and titles of these guardians; even their characteristics and attributes vary from monastery to monastery. Confusion has arisen over the centuries due to non-Buddhist and even pre-Buddhist factors, with every combination to be seen, such as the General of the North with the Umbrella, the General of the West with the Rat or Mongoose, and so on. The most frequently noted observations are as follows:
Taoist Titles Symbol Characteristics Buddhist title Sanskrit title Mo-li Ch'ing Magic weapons or Sword/lance or Jade Ring or Parasol black face or black beard Ch'ih-kuo T'ien-wang Dhrtarastra 持國天王 or 東方大王 [colours: blue/green] or Lyre/lute78
the Twenty-four Heavenly Lords. The Four, said to be brothers, are believed to have been born during the 11th century BC and are now protectors of Mi-lo Fo. The 16th century novel, Feng-shen Yen-i, de- scribes the popular myths surrounding the defeat of the four Mo-li broth- ers during the legendary wars of the 12th century BC who fought with their magical weapons but whose main weapon was the white rat which devoured all enemies. However, Yang Chien, the nephew of the Jade Emperor and son of Li Ching [the General with the Pagoda] was swal- lowed by the white rat but once inside it he ate the rat's heart and at the same time transformed himself into the white rat which was unsuspectingly put back in to its bag by one of the Mo-li brothers. Yang Chien stole out whilst the Four brothers were in a drunken sleep and stole the magic umbrella, whilst Na-cha who had fought and de- feated them broke their magic jade ring. The Four lost heart, were de- feated and slain. The war was followed by their canonisation by Chiang Tzu-ya who appointed them to the posts of the Heavenly Kings, con- trollers of the elements, from whom people sought protection from calamities.
There are standard images of all four of the Great Celestial Kings in both the Ta Pei Ssu and the Pi-yun Ssu.
There has been a certain amount of confusion over the colours, names, and titles of these guardians; even their characteristics and at- tributes vary from monastery to monastery. Confusion has arisen over the centuries due to non-Buddhist and even pre-Buddhist factors, with every combination to be seen, such as the General of the North with the Umbrella, the General of the West with the Rat or Mongoose, and so on. The most frequently noted observations are as follows:
Taoist Titles
Symbol
Characteristics
Buddhist
title
Sanskrit
title
Mo-li Ch'ing Magic weapons
or Sword/lance
black face
Ch'ih-kuo
Dhrtarastra
black beard
T'ien-wang
摩禮青
or Jade Ring
[colours:
持國天王
or Parasol
blue/green]
東方大王
or Lyre/lute
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