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Hao has selected modern enterprises such as steam shipping, coal mines, cotton textile, and machine manufacturing and detected the share of investment by compradors as being substantial.
In steamship enterprise, compradors' capital in British and American steamship companies established between 1862 and 1875 amounted to 499,975 taels; a modest 19.5% of the total of 2,559,000 taels. However, in steamship companies wholly Chinese-owned and under Chinese directorate between 1871 and 1893, compradors' investment amounted to 54.5% while the government had only 6.94% of the total capital of 1,958,000 taels. In the modern coal mines, compradors' capital amounted to a bigger share of 62.7% or a total of 1,350,116 Mexican dollars. In the total Chinese investment of 18,047,544 dollars in cotton textile manufacturing, compradors' share was 23.23%, second only to the 33.89% of gentry-officials, and in the machine manufacturing industries, the largest share of investment fell to the compradors with a percentage of 27.68 or a total sum of 2,887,000 dollars. The compradors were the first Chinese merchants to invest in the insurance business. They were the pioneers in introducing new types of business such as insurance and later other business methods such as contract, insuring, and limited liability.
New forms of business like the joint-stock company with limited liability proved successful in attracting investment from the private sector in some guandu shangban enterprises, which also were the first Chinese large-scale modern enterprises like the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Co., the Kaiping Coal Mines, and the Shanghai Cotton Cloth Mill, in which compradors' capital shared 77.8, 100.0, and 70.4 percentages respectively. Definitely, compradors played a decisive role in forming the above enterprises, for they were the first generation of modern enterprises owned and operated by Chinese.
Cantonese Compradors in Shanghai
The compradors played the role as entrepreneurs in modern Chinese enterprises. They were not only fund suppliers but also employed new ways of raising the large amounts of capital needed for these large-scale industrial projects. The typical examples of Cantonese compradors active in Shanghai were Xu Run, Tang Tingshu, and Zheng Guanying. They successfully used the joint-stock system in raising capital for the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Co. in 1873 and Shanghai Cotton
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Hao has selected modern enterprises such as steamshipping, coal mines, cotton textile, and machine manufacturing and detected the share of investment by compradors as being substantial.
In steamship enterprise, compardors' capital in British and American steamship companies established between 1862 and 1875 amounted to 499,975 taels; a modest 19.5% of the total of 2,559.000 taels. However in steamship companies wholly Chinese owned and under Chinese directorate bwtween 1871 and 1893, compradors' investment amounted to 54.5% while the government had only 6.94% of the total capital of 1,958,000 taels. In the modern coal mines, compradors' capital amounted to a bigger share of 62.7% or a total of 1,350,116 Mexican dollars. In the total Chinese investment of 18,047,544 dollars in cotton textile manufacturing, compradors share was 23.23%, second only to the 33.89% of gentry-officials, and in the machine manufacturing industries, the largest share of investment fell to the compradors with a percentage of 27.68 or a total sum of 2,887,000 dollars. The compradors were the first Chinese merchants to invest in the insurance business. They were the pioneers in introducing new types of business such as insurance and later other business methods such as contract, insuring, and limited liability.
New forms of business like the joint-stock company with limited liability proved successful in attracting investment from the private sector in some guandu shangban enterprises which also were the first Chinese large-scale modern entrprises like the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Co., the Kaiping Coal Mines and the Shanghai Cotton Cloth Mill in which compradors' capital shared 77.8, 100.0 and 70.4 percentages respectively. Definitely, compradors played a decisive role in forming the above enterprises for they were the first generation of modern enterprises owned and operated by Chinese.
Cantonese Compradors in Shanghai
The compradors played the role as entrepreneurs in modern Chinese enterprises. They were not only fund suppliers, but they also employed new ways of raising the large amounts of capital needed for these large- scale industrial projects. The typical examples of Cantonese compradors activate in Shanghai were Xu Run, Tang Tingshu and Zheng Guanying, They successfully used the joint-stock system in raising captial for the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Co. in 1873 and Shanghai Cotton
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