59
Serious measures were taken to change the whole social and political structure of the town.
NOTES
Preliminary note:
Although the present paper is to a great extent based on fresh research, the following works have been of considerable use as they contain material about the government of the International Settlement:
Feetham, Justice Richard: "Report to the Shanghai Municipal Council" 1931-1932.
Johnstone, W.C.: "The Shanghai Problem", 1937.
Jones, F.C.: "Shanghai and Tientsin", 1940.
Kotenev, A.M.: "Shanghai, its Mixed Court and Council", 1925.
Montalto de Jesus, C.A.: "Historic Shanghai", 1909.
Port, F.L. Hawks: "A short history of Shanghai", 1928.
1 The International Settlement at Shanghai was formed in 1863 by the amalgamation of the original British Settlement (formed in 1845, but later increased in area) with the so-called American Settlement in the Hongkew area which had grown up without formal establishment in the 1850s, and early 1860s, and which had been formally recognised by the Chinese earlier in 1863. The French Settlement (formed in 1849) always remained separate from the International Settlement. Outside the area of the foreign settlements lay the old Chinese city and suburbs: these remained under Chinese rule, and became subject to the Greater Shanghai Municipality when that was set up by the Chinese authorities in 1927.
* Cf also Treaty of the Bogue, article VII, "ground and houses, the rent of which is to be fairly and equitably arranged for, shall be set apart by the local officers in communication with the Consul."
3
Population figures for intermediate years are, 1,666 foreigners and 75,047 Chinese in 1870, and 6,774 foreigners and 345,276 Chinese in 1900. Of the 13,536 foreigners resident in 1910, 4,465 were British, 940 Americans and 3,361 Japanese. Of the 38,940 foreigners resident in 1935 no fewer than 20,242 were Japanese, as against 6,596 British and 2,015 Americans.
+ * Text of the 1845 Land Regulations (LR) is in Shanghai Almanac 1853.
It is not too fanciful to suppose that persons willing to move to as remote a place as Shanghai in the 1840s were likely to be particularly strongly imbued with the contemporary belief in individualism, with its consequent hatred of despotism and paternalism; this almost certainly assisted in the speedy breakdown of the 1845 Land Regulations to something far more individualistic in tone.
• North China Herald (NCH) 30.7.1853.
* J.H. Haan: "De opkomst van de International Settlement te Shanghai 1845-1865. Een historisch — politicologische analyse" ("The rise of the International Settlement at Shanghai. A historical-political analysis"), unpublished manuscript University of Amsterdam, 1977; chapter II. Cited as Haan "Shanghai".
Cf NCH 22.7.1854; text of draft LR in NCH 30.7.1853, 27.8.1853; final version in 8.7.1854.
NCH 22.4.1865.
10 NCH 17.3.1866.
59
serious measures were taken to change the whole social and political structure of the town.
NOTES
Preliminary note:
Although the present paper is to a great extent based on fresh research, the following works have been of considerable use as they con- tain material about the government of the International Settlement:
Feetham, Justice Richard: "Report to the Shanghai Municipal Council" 1931-1932.
Johnstone, W.C.:
"The Shanghai Problem", 1937.
Jones, F.C.: "Shanghai and Tientsin", 1940.
Kotenev, A.M.: "Shanghai, its Mixed Court and Council”, 1925, Montalto de Jesus, C.A.: "Historic Shanghai", 1909.
Port, FL. Hawks: "A short history of Shanghai”, 1928.
1 The International Settlement at Shanghai was formed in 1863 by the amalgamation of the original British Settlement (formed in 1845, but later increased in area) with the so-called American Settlement in the Hongkew area which had grown up without formal establishment in the 1850s, and early 1860s, and which had been formally recognised by the Chinese earlier in 1863, The French Settlement (formed in 1849) always remained separate from the International Settlement. Outside the area of the foreign settlements lay the old Chinese city and suburbs: these remained under Chinese rule, and became subject to the Greater Shanghai Municipality when that was set up by the Chinese authorities in 1927.
* Cf also Treaty of the Bogue, article VII, "ground and houses, the rent of which is to be fairly and equitably arranged for, shall be set apart by the local officers in communication with the Consul.”
3
Population figures for intermediate years are, 1,666 foreigners and 75,047 Chinese in 1870, and 6,774 foreigners and 345,276 Chinese in 1900. Of the 13,536 foreigners resident in 1910, 4,465 were British, 940 Americans and 3,361 Japanese. Of the 38,940 foreigners resident in 1935 no fewer than 20,242 were Japanese, as against 6,596 British and 2,015 Americans.
+ * Text of the 1845 Land Regulations (LR) is in Shanghai Almanac 1853.
It is not too fanciful to suppose that persons willing to move to as remote a place as Shanghai in the 1840s were likely to be particularly strongly imbrued with the contemporary belief in individualism, with its consequent hatred of despotism and paternalism; this almost certainly assisted in the speedy breakdown of the 1845 Land Regulations to some- thing far more individualistic in tone.
• North China Herald (NCH) 30.7.1853.
* J.H. Haan: "De opkomst van de International Settlement to Shanghai 1845-1865. Een historisch — politicologische analyse" ("The rise of the International Settlement at Shanghai. A historical-political analysis"), unpublished manuscript University of Amsterdam, 1977; chapter II. Cited as Haan "Shanghai”.
Cf NCH 22.7.1854; text of draft LR in NCH 30.7.1853, 27.8.1853; final version in 8.7.1854.
"NCH 22.4.1865.
10 NCH 17.3.1866.
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