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rural areas, and the very ancient agrarian cult, the God of the Harvest, Soil and Grain, She Ji(4) whose shrines are found usually at the edge of villages and, like those of the Earth God, are too numerous to count.
The only general conclusion to be drawn from all this suggests that the vitality of the cults of deities has in general declined, whereas a limited number, in squatter resettlement areas, continue to thrive by acting as a focus for the minority Chaozhou, Hakka and Minnan immigrants.
NOTES AND REFERENCES
This is Hong Kong: Temples. By Joyce Savidge, Hong Kong Government Printer, 1977.
2 Dong Fong Ri Bao.
* In this article the English word "temple" is used to include uniquely Buddhist and uniquely Daoist temples and monasteries; popular or folk religion temples (which may or may not contain Buddhist and Daoist deities); community temples (both private and public), and ancestral or clan temples. A shrine is an open-fronted room or box-like construction, either at the wayside, under a tree, outside a temple or monastery or hanging on a wall. Outside permanent shrines are referred to in Hong Kong as "Exposed temples" (露天廟). They are by definition unmanned.
A "community temple" is one built by funds raised within a limited community and administered by a committee, either of a city, village or suburb, or of an ethnic group of expatriates. Private temples are built by private bodies such as:
(a) A family or clan.
(b) An individual monk or nun who raises funds by subscription and who leaves the temple to an acolyte at his or her death.
(c) A trade or profession.
Private temples, despite being private and closed to outsiders, are also usually controlled by a committee. A few private temples continue to remain so but gradually most become public, particularly as the number of devotees and images of deities within the temple increase. Some Buddhist temples, privately owned with the affairs and finances in the hands of the owners, are usually also the home of the owners and the ancestral tablets of the owner's family appear on the altars with or beside the deities. Privately owned is not the same as being open or closed to the public. Some indeed may be closed, but the majority are open to the public.
Only very occasionally are icons or images of deities to be found in clan temples, whereas ancestral tablets are frequently to be seen in community temples. Advantage is taken in the latter of the duties performed by the temple keeper (which clan temples do not have) which
CHINESE MONASTERIES, TEMPLES, SHRINES, ALTARS
31
rural aleas, and the very ancient agrarian cult, the God of the Harvest, Soil and Grain, She Ji (4) whose shrines are found usually at the edge of villages and, like those of the Earth Gol, are too numerous to count.
The only general conclusion to be drawn from all this suggests that the vitality of the cults of deities has in general declined, where- as a limited number, in squatter resettlement areas, continue to thrive by acting as a focus for the minority Chaozhou, Hakka and Min An immigrants.
NOTES AND REFERENCES
This is Hong Kong: Temples. By Joyce Savidge, Hong Kong Government Printer, 1977.
2 Dong Fong Ri Bao.
* In this article the English word "temple" is used to include uniquely Buddhist and uniquely Daoist temples and monasteries; popular or folk religion temples (which may or may not contain Buddhist and Daoist deities); community temples (both private and public, and ancestral or clan temples. A shrine is an open-fronted room or boxlike construction, either at the wayside, under a tree, outside a temple or monastery or hanging on a wall. Outside permanent shrines are referred to in Hong Kong as "Exposed temples" ( ❀ ♬ » §). They are by definition unmanned.
A "community temple" is one built by funds raised within a limited community and administered by a committees, either of a city, village or suburb, or of an ethnic group of expatriates, Private temples are built by private bodies such as:
(a) A family or clan.
(b) An individual monk or nun who raises funds by subscription and
who leaves the temple to an acolyte at his or her death.
(c) A trade or profession.
Private temples, despite being private and closed to outsides, are also usually controlled by a committee. A few private temples continue to remain so but gradually most become public, particularly as the number of devotees and images of deities within the temple increase. Some Buddhist temples, privately owned with the affairs and finances in the hands of the owners, are usually also the home of the owners and the ancestral tablets of the owner's family appear on the altars with or beside the deities. Privately owned is not the same as being open or closed to the public. Some indeed may be closed, but the majority are open to the public.
Only very occasionally are icons or images of deities to be found in clan temples, whereas ancestral tablets are frequently to be seen in community temples. Advantage is taken in the latter of the duties per- formed by the temple keeper (which clan temples do not have) which
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