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67
12 Lockhart lists 255 villages occupied by Hakkas, with a total population of 36,070 in the Tung Lo in 1898. Assuming a population of 250,000 for the total district in 1900, Hsin-An probably had a Hakka population of around 90,000.
13 Rawski's bibliography in Agricultural Change and the Peasant Economy of South China offers the most complete listing of works bearing on perpetual tenancy.
p. 64.
14 CSO280/04 Extension. See note 4, Essay 2.
15 Hsu T'ien-tai, Fu Chien Wen Hua (福建文化), Vol. 1, No. 1, (1941),
16 Correspondence Respecting Affairs of China, March 1898-September 1900. "Report on the New Territory at Hong Kong," (Presented to both Houses of Parliament, November 1900) p. 19.
17 The Shih Chien T'ang Chia P'u (世鑑堂家譜), a collection of genealogies from Kam Tin, gives the following settlements of lineal descendants in Tung Kuan: Chuh Yuan (竹園), Yen Tien (燕田), Fu Lung (福龍), Huai Te (懷德), Shih Ching (石井), Tu Kao (土高), and Ping Hu (平湖).
18 "These clans gain their local influence, not through numbers alone, but owing to the fact that certain of their numbers have official rank, gained through competitive examinations, or obtained by purchase, which keeps them in touch with the Magistrate and even higher officials." Correspondence Respecting Affairs of China ibid., p. 20. The Shih Chien T'ang Chia P'u records that, from Cheng Hua (Ming Dynasty) to Tao Kwang (Ch'ing Dynasty)—that is, from roughly 1470-1820—fourteen Kam Tin Tangs passed the state examination. Several of these became office holders. Another indicator of gentry connections with officialdom was the construction, in Kam Tin, of a temple (祠堂) dedicated to the two officials (Chou Yu-te (周有德) and Wang Lai-jen (王來任)) who petitioned the Emperor, on behalf of the inhabitants of the coastal areas, to allow resettlement.
19 Introduction to the Nan Yang Tang Shih Tsu P'u (南陽堂世族譜), compiled by the Ping Shan Tangs.
20 Sung Hok-P'ang, in his articles on the Kam Tin Tangs in the Hong Kong Naturalist, claims to have seen references to Tang lands on Hong Kong in the Land Register (土地冊) of Tung Kuan. "One may judge that the land was owned by the Tangs before the first year of Maan Lik, AD 1525, (sic) as after that the San On District was formed” (Vol. VIII, nos. 3 and 4).
21 HKTCSMTC, "Details of Cultivated Land” (耕地詳情).
22 ibid.
23 The landlord clans were often referred to by the British as "first cultivators." See, for instance, CSO3172/1915 cited in the essay on tax-lordism.
24 Correspondence Respecting Affairs in China, ibid., p. 16.
25 Hsin-An Hsien-chih, ch'uan 8.
26 In this regard, note the high degree of correlation among the different "tax-burdens" in Table II. One is tempted to speculate that a native formula for the conversion of rent rates from tax-rates existed.
27 In the 1934 edition of the Chung-Kuo Ch'ing-chi Nien-chien (中國經濟年鑑), chapter 7 (Chinese Tenancy Systems), contains the following description of the Fen Chih Chih (分種制) system, a form of perpetual lease found in the East River counties of the Kwangchow Prefecture: "This
TWO ESSAYS ON THE CH'ING ECONOMY OF HSIN-AN
67
12 Lockhart lists 255 villages occupied by Hakkas, with a total popu- lation of 36,070 in the Tung Lo in 1898. Assuming a population of 250,000 for the total district in 1900, Hsin-An probably had a Hakka population of around 90,000.
13 Rawski's bibliography in Agricultural Change and the Peasant Economy of South China offers the most complete listing of works bearing on perpetual tenancy.
p. 64.
14 CSO 280/04 Extension. See note 4, Essay 2.
15 Hsu T'ien-tai, Fu Chien Wen Hua (✰★R ), Vol. 1, No. 1, (1941),
16 Correspondence Respecting Affairs of China, March 1898-September 1900. "Report on the New Territory at Hong Kong," (Presented to both Houses of Parliament, November 1900) p. 19.
17 The Shih Chien T'ang Chia P'u ( ###), a collection of geneo- logies from Kam Tin, gives the following settlements of lineal descendents in Tung Kuan: Chuh Yuan ( B ), Yen Tien ( ), Fu Lung (##), Huai Te (✯✯ ), Shih Ching (# ), Tu Kao (±), and Ping Hu ( * ).
18 "These clans gain their local influence, not through numbers alone, but owing to the fact that certain of their numbers have official rank, gained through competitive examinations, or obtained by purchase, which keeps them in touch with the Magistrate and even higher officials." Corre- spondence Respecting Affairs of China ibid., p 20. The Shih Chien T'ang Chia P'u records that, from Cheng Hua (Ming Dynasty) to Tao Kwang (Ch'ing Dynasty)—that is, from roughly 1470-1820-fourteen Kam Tin Tangs passed the state examination. Several of these became office holders. Another indicator of gentry connections with officialdom was the construc tion, in Kam Tin. of a temple (ZA) dedicated to the two officials (Chou Yu-te (A) and Wang Lai-jen (1A)) who petitioned the Emperor, on behalf of the inhabitants of the coastal areas, to allow resettle ment.
19 Introduction to the Nan Yang Tang Shih Tsu P'u (h¥4^##), compiled by the Ping Shan Tangs.
20 Sung Hok-P'ang, in his articles on the Kam Tin Tangs in the Hong Kong Naturalist, claims to have seen references to Tang lands on Hong Kong in the Land Register (#) of Tung Kuan. "One may judge that the land was owned by the Tangs before the first year of Maan Lik, AD 1525, (sic) as after that the San On District was formed” (Vol. VIII, nos. 3 and 4).
21 HKTCSMTC, "Details of Cultivated Land” ( *££**K). 22 ibid.
23 The landlord clans were often referred to by the British as "first cultivators." See, for instance, CSO 3172/1915 cited in the essay on tax- lordism.
24 Correspondence Respecting Affairs in China, ibid., p. 16.
25 Hsin-An Hsien-chih, ch'uan 8.
26 In this regard, note the high degree of correlating among the dif ferent "tax-burdens" in Table II. One is tempted to speculate that a native formula for the conversion of rent rates from tax-rates existed.
27 In the 1934 edition of the Chung-Kuo Ch'ing-chi Nien-chien (+2 ***), chapter 7 (Chinese Tenancy Systems), contains the following description of the Fen Chih Chih (ATM) system, a form of perpetual lease found in the East River counties of the Kwangchow Prefecture: "This
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