60
R. G. GROVES
* Skinner, G. W. "Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China Part I: The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. XXIV, no. 1, November 1964, p. 32.
9 Ibid., p. 5ff.
10 Ibid., p. 32.
11 Ibid., pp. 32ff, C. K. Yang brings out clearly the significance of the market town as the centre of a system of communication. “In times of peace and tranquility, the subjects for chatting range from the births and deaths, weddings and quarrels, conditions of crops, some strange signs in the stars, some mishaps in certain villages, to all the big things and little things that make up the interest and chores in the daily life of the village peasants. But in time of war and political upheavals, in periods when banditry runs rampant or natural calamities plague upon the countryside, from the markets wild rumours fly; seeds of fear and suspicion are sown; signs of omens are interpreted and widely scattered." Yang, C. K., A North China Local Market Economy. Institute of Pacific Relations, New York, 1944, p. 13.
12 See, for example, Freedman, op. cit., pp. 82ff., Hsiao, op. cit., p. 423.
13 Skinner, op. cit., pp. 21ff.
14 Skinner, op. cit., p. 27.
15 Freedman, op. cit., pp. 18ff.
16 Ibid., p. 20.
17 Ibid., pp. 20-21.
18 Amyot, J. The Chinese Community of Manila; A Study of Adaptation of Chinese Familism to the Philippines Environment, Research Series no. 2. Philippines Studies Program, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago (mimeo), 1960. As will become clear, Amyot's analysis is important to the arguments of both Skinner and Freedman.
19 Hsiang is commonly translated as 'township', a practice followed by Amyot. Freedman points out that both 'Hsiang' and 'township' have been used as administrative terms and proposes the more neutral 'vicinage' as an alternative translation, Freedman, op. cit., p. 23.
20 Amyot, op. cit., p. 40. Quoted by Freedman, op. cit., p. 22.
21 Ibid., pp. 52ff. Quoted by Freedman, op. cit., p. 23.
22 Freedman, op. cit., p. 23.
23 Ibid., p. 25.
24 Ibid. It will be argued below that, even in the case of the Hsin-an higher-order lineages, the standard marketing area was organizationally significant.
25 The New Territories formerly constituted roughly three-fifths of Hsin-an county. By the Convention of Peking, 6th June 1898, they were leased to Britain for 99 years.
26 Wakeman, op. cit., p. 36. The term "local corps" is used by Chiang Siang-tseh in his work The Nien Rebellion, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1954.
27 Wakeman, op. cit., p. 38.
28 Ibid., p. 39.
29 Ibid., pp. 39-40.
30 Ibid., p. 63.
31 Ibid., pp. 64-5.
32 Ibid., p. 112.
60
R. G. GROVES
* Skinner, G. W. "Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China Part I: The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. XXIV, no. 1, November 1964, p. 32.
9 Ibid., p. 5ff.
10 Ibid., p. 32.
11 Ibid., pp. 32ff, C. K. Yang brings out clearly the significance of the market town as the centre of a system of communication. “In times of peace and tranquility, the subjects for chatting range from the births and deaths, weddings and quarrels, conditions of crops, some strange signs in the stars, some mishaps in certain villages, to all the big things and little things that make up the interest and chores in the daily life of the village peasants. But in time of war and political upheavals, in periods when banditry runs rampant or natural calamities plague upon the countryside, from the markets wild rumours fly; seeds of fear and suspicion are sown; signs of omens are interpreted and widely scattered." Yang, C. K., A North China Local Market Economy. Institute of Pacific Relations, New York, 1944, p. 13.
12 See, for example, Freedman, op. cit., pp. 82ff., Hsiao, op. cit., p. 423. 13 Skinner, op. cit., pp. 21ff.
14 Skinner, op. cit., p. 27.
15 Freedman, op. cit., pp. 18ff.
16 Ibid., p. 20.
17 Ibid., pp. 20-21.
18 Amyot, J. The Chinese Community of Manila; A Study of Adaptation of Chinese Familism to the Philippines Environment, Research Series no. 2. Philippines Studies Program, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago (mimeo), 1960. As will become clear, Amyot's analysis is important to the arguments of both Skinner and Freedman.
19 Hsiang is commonly translated as 'township', a practice followed by Amyot. Freedman points out that both 'Hsiang' and 'township' have been used as administrative terms and proposes the more neutral 'vicinage' as an alternative translation, Freedman, op. cit., p. 23.
20 Amyot, op. cit., p. 40. Quoted by Freedman, op. cit., p. 22.
21 Ibid., pp. 52ff. Quoted by Freedman, op. cit., p. 23.
22 Freedman, op. cit., p. 23.
23 Ibid., p. 25.
24 Ibid. It will be argued below that, even in the case of the Hsin-an higher-order lineages, the standard marketing area was organizationally significant.
25 The New Territories formerly constituted roughly three-fifths of Hsin-an county. By the Convention of Peking, 6th June 1898, they were leased to Britain for 99 years.
26 Wakeman, op. cit., p. 36. The term "local corps" is used by Chiang Siang-tseh in his work The Nien Rebellion, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1954.
27 Wakeman, op. cit., p. 38.
28 Ibid., p. 39.
29 Ibid., pp. 39-40.
30 Ibid., p. 63.
31 Ibid., pp. 64-5. 32 Ibid., p. 112.
No comments yet.
Private notes are available after approval.