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managerial personnel. While conscientiously running well the higher and secon- dary medical schools, great efforts have also been devoted to the inservice training and post-graduate education for the medical personnel. In 1989, there were 130 medical universities and colleges with 199500 undergraduate students, an increase of 11 times as against that in 1949, and 554 secondary health schools with 307000 undergraduate students, a 19.9 fold increase over the year 1949. 350000 medical and health personnel have been trained every year through in-service training programmes of various forms conducted by medical and health Institu- tions of medical universities and colleges at all levels.
Researches on medical sciences have had fairly fast development in terms of its foundation and scale. In China, there are 733 Independent and affiliated medical and health research institutions staffed with over 60000 research workers. The Ministry of Public Health has 15 Advisory Committees of Medical Sciences and Technology with 422 experts appointed as their members to offer to the Ministry of Public Health advices and recommendations of macroscopic nature on all aspects of guiding nationwide scientific research work in medicine. The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine are among the biggest medical and health research institutions in China.
A great number of scientific achievements have been scored in medical and health researches, of which, 472 items won national awards, 1485 items the Ministry of Public Health awards from 1949 to 1988, which generally reflect our major research results in biomedicine, basic medicine, clinical medicine, preven- tive medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, pharmaceutical, and biological prod. ucts and medical instruments and equipment. Particularly the research results in microsurgery, diagnosis and treatment of minute hepatoma, study on choriocar- cinoma, study on correlation between development of esophagus cancer and amine nitrite, discovery of chlamydia trachomatis, discovery of and study on natural focus of Chinese plague, development of plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine and exploration and improvement of traditional Chinese medicine have facilitated the advancement of relevant disciplines or areas.
Drug Policy and Administration
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Pharmaceutical industry was virtually non-existent in old China, and institu- tions for drug policy and administration and quality control were very weak, with only one national institute for control of drugs. Shortly after the founding of new China, under the leadership of the central government, the Ministry of Public
Health eradicated the rampant opium smoking left over from old China thus 38 laying a good foundation for the protection of people's health. In the years since Liberation, the establishments of drug policy and administration and quality control have developed very rapidly. Sections for drug policy and admin- istration have been set up in the Ministry of Public Health and in the Public Health Departments or Bureaus in all provinces, prefectures, municipalities and counties throughout the country. Drug control Institutes have been established in all provinces, in most of the prefectures and municipalities and in some counties. Up to now, there are over 1900 personnel engaged in the work of drug policy and administration, 18000 technicians in 1647 institutes for drug control, out of which. 1100 institutes are at the county level. A network for drug control and supervi sion has been brought about in China thanks to the concerted efforts by the institutions for drug control and administration, thereby playing a positive role in ensuring safe and effective use of drugs and in enhancing the development of pharmaceutical industries.
“Drug Administration Act of the People's Republic of China" was promul· gated in September, 1984 and entered into force on July 1. 1985. The promulgation and implementation of the "Drug Administration Act” mark a new stage in the work of drug control and administration by means of legislation. According to stipulations under "Drug Administration Act" the Bureau of Drug Policy and Administration of the Ministry of Public Health and the agencies for drug control and administration at each province, prefecture, municipality and county are responsible for drug quality control and supervision and inspection.
The following are the several specific aspects of their responsibility: A. Control of pharmaceutical manufacturing and handling enterprises to see to it that no drugs are manufactured or handled unless being approved.
B. Control of medicaments prepared by hospitals, whose medicinal prepara- tions must be approved by health authorities.
C. Approval of new drugs and reassessment of drugs already on market. D. Formulation of national drug standards.
E. Control of manufacturing, marketing, use and import and export of such special drugs as narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
F. Control of drug packaging, trade mark and advertising. G. Quality control of in:ported drugs.
H. Appointment of inspectors to supervise the implementation of "Drug Administration Act" by institutions concerned and deal seriously with any behav- ior that violates the "Act”.
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