wider factors over which
he has no control. Nevertheless
even when objectives are
unquantifiable,
they can be identified, observed, and tested;
b
surrogate
one can learn a great deal from
measures and from combinations of partial indicators;
с
some intermediate objectives can often be
quantified even if ultimate objectives cannot.
13 DEFINING THE ASSUMPTIONS
deal
In any appraisal or evaluation a great/has to be taken
for granted. It would be impracticable and impossibly
expensive to look at every single link
every single link in the chain and
test whether it is secure. However a good evaluation
will consider what the underlying assumptions
decide which need to be regularly looked at.
be thought of as falling into two types.
are, and
They can
14 The links between the ultimate objectives and the
intermediate objectives often rest
an assumption that
there is a causal relationship between the two. Some
of these cause-and-effect
assumptions can and should
be made explicit. For example a research and development.
programme may be achieving its intermediate objectives of
economic
technical success, but can only achieve the ultimate
benefits if other things were to happen. In
the case of regulations there may
may be assumptions about
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