Commission but, in the case of the High Authority, can be moved only on the presentation of the report which the High Authority (like the Commission) is required to present annually to the European Parliament. In addition, the European Parliament is required to be consulted before the exercise of many of the Council's more important powers to issue subordinate instruments under the EEC Treaty, and a few of the powers of the Council under the EURATOM Treaty. It is also entitled to consider and propose amendments to the budget.
8. The Council of Ministers is, in each case, the body which controls the overall direction of the Community, though its powers under the EEC and EURATOM Treaties are more extensive than under the ECSC Treaty.
9. The Commission and the High Authority are the executive bodies of the Communities, responsible for their day-to-day management and exercising enforcement powers.
10. The Council of Ministers and Commission under the EEC and EURATOM Treaties and the High Authority under the ECSC Treaty are the bodies by whom the powers of issuing subordinate instruments are exercis- able: see Article 189 of the EEC Treaty, Article 161 of the EURATOM Treaty and Article 14 of the ECSC Treaty. The two first-mentioned Articles are in identical terms. Their first paragraph provides that "In order to carry out their task and in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty, the Council and the Commission shall make regulations and issue directives, take decisions, make recommendations or give opinions The main instrument having direct internal effect is the regulation. This is stated to "apply generally ", to "be binding in its entirety" and to "take direct effect in each Member State". A decision may also have direct internal effect. It is stated to “be binding in its entirety upon those to whom it is directed". Decisions are appropriate for imposing obligations or liabilities upon, or granting rights or exemptions to, particular undertakings or individuals. They may also be directed to Member States; in that case they are used more in the sphere of administration than of legislation.
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11. A directive imposes obligations only on Member States. It is described as "binding, as to the result achieved, upon each Member State to which it is directed, while leaving to national authorities the choice of form and methods ".
12. Recommendations and opinions are stated to "have no binding force ".
13. Some of these terms have different meanings when used in the ECSC Treaty. Article 14 enables the High Authority "to take decisions, make recommendations and give opinions". Decisions are stated to "be binding in their entirety". They are of the executive type, although they often apply to classes of undertakings, and are the means by which the High Authority exercises its powers of regulation and control over the two industries affected by the Treaty. Recommendations are described in much the same terms as directives in the other two Treaties. They are to be binding as to objectives but with choice as to means, and are used to impose obligations on Member States and undertakings. Opinions are stated not to be binding, and have
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