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119. Since mass exodus frequently takes place from economically- disadvantaged countries, and since those governments which generally provide the means to mount humanitarian assistance
programmes are very often those which are giving development
aid, there appears to be a strong case for a more
more integrated approach to the planning of aid. Various ways in which this might be tackled are suggested in the preceding chapter. the same time, when mass exodus does occur, it is important to see the problem in the broad perspective of the position of both "refugee-producing" and "refugee-receiving" countries. A simultaneity of approach should help in identifying the long- term solution, and with regard to the administration of humani-
tarian assistance, will ensure that this in itself does not
constitute a "pull factor" by there being any imbalance in the
overall picture. Moreover, standardization of multilateral
aid criteria will help to iron out other "wrinkles" in the international community's approach to these most important questions.
120. It is suggested that the basic concept of an appropriate United Nations presence can be extended to humanitarian emerg- encies, as distinct from peace-keeping operations in the
accepted sense.
121. It has been found in studying mass exodus that all these situations conform to a certain pattern common to which is the involvement, at an earlier or later stage, of a miscellany of
concerned parties, particularly in relation to the provision of essential relief and the production of a considerable volume of
informed comment after the event. Yet all the characteristics of this pattern of upheaval and exodus taken together point to certain lacunae which it will be well to attempt to fill if there is to be a lessening of human suffering and of related
frictions between States. Three observations are called for
here.
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