CONFIDENTIAL
(iv)
Restrictions on Freedom of Speech
"Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference.
"Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; This right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.
"The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:
(a)
(b)
For respect of the rights or reputations of others.
For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals".
(Article 19)
(v)
Independence of the Judiciary
(See Article 9 under (i) above). The following extract from Article 15 is also relevant:
"No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time when the criminal offence was committed. If, subsequent to the commission of the offence, provision is made by law for the imposition of a lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit the reby".
(vi) Trade Unions
"Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
"No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than those which are prescribed by law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the
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CONFIDENTIAL
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