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insurance, social security and
workers' welfare services, are directly involved. The chiefs of these divisions are, as stated earlier, also directors of the Social Security Fund, responsible for the administration of the Voluntary Sickness, Maternity and Health Insurance Scheme. This combination of dual functions involving technical responsibility for planning of social security in the Directorate-General of Manpower Protection and Maintenance, and operational responsibility for the Social Security Fund, is something unique to Indonesia. The location of parallel responsibility for policy formulation and planning, as well as implementation of programmes, in the same persons has evidently some advantage, viz. the assist the Director of Work Conditions and Social Security in policy formulation and planning are familiar with, and are well informed of, the problems of implementation of social security programmes which they operate and might, therefore, be expected to contribute much in the discussions and negotiations with the BAPPENAS. On the other hand, being much preoccupied with the day-to-day administrative work of the Social Security Fund, it is not reasonable to expect them to devote enough attention to planning work at the departmental level.
VII.
Trends in social security planning in Indonesia
as
persons who
23. Promotion of social security is listed
a constitutional responsibility of the Government of the Republic of I Article 36 of the Constitution of August 1950 had stated that "the authorities shall be bound to promote social security and social guarantees and ensure favourable conditions of work, to combat and prevent unemployment, and to adopt measures for the benefit of old people as well as widows and orphans". The social security programmes that have so far been developed in the country are the result of planning exercises in social security which commenced in the early 1950s. In the case of some of these exercises, the Government of Indonesia had the technical support of international expertise provided by the ILO.
24. The Government's growing concern for social development and income distribution has set a tone for more9 serious attempts in social security planning in recent years. The first plan (1969-74) recognised that "improvement of social security must lead to and be accompanied by an increase in productivity". The plan made a specific recommendation for "conducting research in social security, which will lead to the introduction of social security". Although the plan document gives only a very broad indication of the intention to introduce social security, more definite proposals are formulated by the Director of Work Conditions and Social
Security and discussed with the BAPPENAS at the time of the formulation of the five- year plan and more frequently at the time of the annual planning exercises. This is also an occasion to review a fresh the research and studies carried out by the various interdepartmental technical committees constituted specifically for social security planning. Consultations with employers' and workers' organisations also take place at the time of negotiations and discussions with the BAPPENAS.
25.
The first social security committee was appointed in 1968 and thereafter in each year until 1971. In 1971 the BAPPENAS appointed a National Committee cn Social Insurance with the economic adviser to the President of the Republic (Chairman), Vice-Chairman of the BAPPENAS (Deputy Chairman) and consisting cf representatives of the Ministry of Finance and Institute of Public Administration. The Committee was assisted by a technical group headed by a specialist in pension insurance. Its main tasks were (i) the formulation of a social security scheme for employees in the private sector to provide benefit in case of old age, invalidity and death of the breadwinner, (ii) to plan the constitution of a seafarers' insurance fund, and (iii) to establish a pension scheme for civil servants, on a contributory basis. Although the Committee was in position during 1971-72, programme development on the basis of its recommendations is yet to take place. A Committee on Social Security for Civil Servants, appointed by the Ministry of Finance in 1972, is still operational.
26.
In September 1973, another committee entitled "Research Committee on Social Security System for Manpower in the Private Sector" (Panitija Panelsiti Sistem Jaminar Sosial Tenaga Keya Sektor Svasta) was constituted with the Director- General of Manpower Protection and Maintenance in the Ministry of Manpower, Transmigration and Co-operatives as Chairman and with representatives of the BAPPENAS, Institute of Public Administration, Department of Finance, the Cabinet Secretariat and the Social Security Fund. On the basis of the recommendations of this Committe, the Government has decided to take the assistance of an international expert to undertake further studies and research to formulate a viable social
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