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quantitative indicators related to social security. Largely based on institutional criteria, he ranks Asian countries by stage of social security development as follows:

(a)

(b)

developed system of social security: Australia, Japan, New Zealand, USSR;

social security for wage-earning population within foreseeable future: India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, the Philippines, Turkey;

Burma,

(c)

preliminary stage: Afghanistan, Fiji, Indonesia,

Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Thailand and Viet-Nam.

Khmer, Korea (South),

Many other countries are individually discussed in the Wadhawan article, although these were not mentioned in the concluding section from which the above country groups are taken. My first illustration below will be to observe the degree of congruity between the Wadwaban conclusion and the proportion of GNP devoted to social security.

1.

The proportion of GNP devoted to social security be

benefits

by

Table 1 Wadhawan

This is a popularly used indicator for social security development. presents this statistic together with the three country groups ranked based on "institutional" data.

Table 1. Two indicators for social security development

Institutional*

Developed:

Australia

Ja pan

New Zealand USSR

Developing:

Burma

Percent GNP devoted to SS (1966) ***

8.0

5.3

11.2

11.1

0.9

India

1.7

Iran

1.6

Philippines

0.8

Preliminary:

Malaysia

2.9

Sri Lanka

3.4

Thailand

1.7

Viet-Nam

1.0 (1955)

Others**:

Hong Kong Pakistan

Singapore Taiwan

1.4

0.5

2.9

1.2

*S.K. Wadhawan, "Development of Social Security in Asia and Oceania", International Social Security Review, Vol. 25, No. 4 (1972), pp. 395-424.

**Not mentioned in Wadhawan's conclusion, though described in text (except for Hong Kong).

***ILO, The Cost of Social Security 1964-66 (Geneva, 1972).

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