(For further details on multilateral programs sponsored by the United Nations, seo section on Strengthening Rules and Institutions: United Nations; for discussion of cooperation with individual coun- tries, see geographic sections.)
Narcation Control Action Dian
To systematize our bilateral approach to drug control, the Cabinet Committee directed the preparation of narcotics control action plans for 59 countries considered to have a current or potential involvement in the production, processing, consumption, or transshipment of illicit hard drugs. Prepared by our diplomatic missions, the plans focus mainly on heroin and cocaine destined for the U.S. market or U.S. personnel abroad. The plans were reviewed early in 1972 in Washing- ton and returned to our Embassies to serve as a basis for opening discussions with host governments.
By midyear, our Embassies had initiated discussions in all of the designated countries and throughout the balance of 1972 concen- trated on the implementation of cooperative programs. With empha- sis on more effective law enforcement and a stepped-up exchange of narcotics intelligence, our foreign control efforts have helped augment the capabilities of other governments to immobilize traffickers and to prevent the supply of narcotics from reaching our shores and enter- ing the illicit marketing channels. Both the BNDD and the Bureau of Customs have increased their overseas staffs. Through the coordi- nated efforts of BNDD, Customs, and the Agency for International Development's (A.I.D.'s) Office of Public Safety, we have expanded our programs to train foreign enforcement officials and have devel oped an information exchange program through two-way visits by law enforcement officials.
Major Trafficking Routes
There are three major marketing complexes for the movement of illicit opium and its derivatives. The complex of principal concern to our enforcement efforts is the Turkish-French-U.S. network, which has provided the bulk of the heroin on the U.S. market in recent years. A second complex, operating in India, Pakistan, Iran, and Afghan- istan, is significant chiefly in terms of the drug addiction problems in that area. The third complex is in Southeast Asia, a market which pri- marily serves addicts and users in that area, but one which is also finding increasing outlets in Europe and the United States.
The Turkish-French-U.S. network originates in the opium poppy fields of Turkey, includes an international narcotics channel largely
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