Directory_and_Chronicle_1928 — Page 485

CHINA

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vention had elected Sun Yat Sen as President of the Republican Military Government, and upon his installation at Nanking on January 1st, 1912, he appointed a Ministry and issued an appeal to the Powers to recognise the Republican Government. Terms of abdication were offered to the Court at Peking, and Yuan Shih-kai was invited to assume the position of Provisional President of the Republic. After many Palace conferences à Decree of abdication was issued by the infant Emperor, as having been respectfully received from her Imperial Majesty the Empress Dowager Lung Yu. The terms of abdication provided that the Emperor may retain the title of Emperor of Ta Ching and shall be treated in accordance with the etiquette which would govern relations with a foreign monarch on Chinese soil. An annuity of four million taels is payable to him, and His Majesty was per- mitted to continue in occupation of the Palaces in the Forbidden City until the Summer Palace should be ready for him. The nation undertook to maintain the tombs of the Imperial dead. In due course Dr. Sun Yat-sen resigned the Presidency in favour of Yuan Shih-kai, who was practically unanimously appointed by the National Assembly at Nanking. It was expected of him that he would journey to Nanking to be installed but after much discussion this ceremony was performed in Peking. The ambition of the Republicans was to make Nanking the capital of China, but there was much opposition to the proposal, and Peking continued to be the seat of government. Early in 1913 the National Assembly gave place to a Parliament of two Houses, and after the abortive second revolution, against what was regarded as dictatorship by Yuan Shih- kai, the "provisional" Government was brought to an end by Parliament duly electing Yuan Shih-kai as President of the Republic for a period of five years, with General Li Yuan-hung as Vice-President. The year 1913 closed with Parliament suspended, owing to a mandate by the President cancelling the seats of over 300 members for treasonable conspiracy, and, pending a new election, an "Administrative Conference," representative of the whole of the provinces, was formed to consider a number of legislative projects including a revision of the law.

This was succeeded in 1914 by the creation of the Tsan Cheng-Yuan or State Council composed of men of official and administrative experience, mostly, of course, of the old school. The year was notable for the operations of a notorious robber chief, known as the White Wolf, who commanded a large following, and for months terrorised almost the whole of mid-China. The marauding band traversed several Provinces, plundered cities and laid waste whole districts. The chief defied all the efforts of the Military for quite a long time, but was ultimately killed and his followers dispersed. This was not the only misfortune in that year, for floods greater than had been known in China for fifty years devastated Kwangtung and took a heavy toll of life. Similar disasters occurred in the North, causing many deaths and much damage to property. Though not actively participating in the European War, China -suffered very

severely in consequence of the outbreak of hostilities. Not only was her foreign trade dislocated, but the money markets of Europe, from which she expected to draw supplies necessary for administration and for the development of the country, were closed to her; while a portion of her territory was overrun by the Japanese in the course of their military operations against Tsingtao, the last-mentioned factor interfering considerably with local trade. Troubles with the Mongols added to the -difficulties of the Government, and a mutiny of the Chinese soldiery at Kalgan caused some anxiety for a time. Fortunately, these disturbances were only of a temporary or a local character.

The year 1915 will be memorable in China for the Japanese ultimatum following the non-acceptance by China of the "Twenty-one Demands" presented by the Tokyo Government. China had, of course, to bow to force majeure and the 7th of May was to be remembered as a day of National Humiliation. These demands not only embraced long-outstanding questions from the Japanese point of view but fresh claims in respect of the German expulsion from Shantung and others based upon expanding Japanese interests in Fukien and in the Yangtsze Valley.

An unexpected development of the Revolution was manifested about the middle of the year when an organisation known as the Chou An Huei was formed for the purpose of discussing the form of government best adapted to this country. While claiming only academic interest in the discussion of the question, the Chou An Hui was unmistakably in favour of a reversion to monarchy, and the fact that it was- allowed to continue its propaganda certainly lent verisimilitude to the belief that the President was not wholly opposed to the objects for which it stood.