Directory_and_Chronicle_1927 — Page 607

CHINA

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resigned. Meanwhile Parliament had drafted a constitution which did not commend itself to conservative opinion outside and, in particular, military opinion. Tuan Chi-jui endeavoured to carry on with a reduced cabinet but a crisis was precipitated when President Li Yuan-hung felt bold enough to dismiss the Premier, his assistant in this courageous course being Wu Ting-fang, who countersigned the mandate. Wang Shih- cheng was temporarily appointed Prime Minister.

At this stage the Northern Tuchuns took a hand in the political game, and their assembling in conference in Tientsin was rightly regarded as a threat to Parliament. President Li Yuan-hung found it impossible to induce a suitable man to undertake the responsibity of forming a Cabinet.

Now came a curious development. Chang Hsun, who had held a dominating posi- tion with his pigtailed warriors astride the Tsinpu Railway, was for some extraordinary combination of reasons invited to assume the unnatural rôle of mediator. He appeared willing enough to undertake this duty, but he declined to move till the President issued a mandate inviting him to come to Peking and act in the aforemen- tioned capacity. In due course he set out for the capital, accompanied by some five thousand of his hairy warriors, but breaking his journey at Tientsin he had a consulta- tion with the military leaders assembled at that port. Li Ching-shi, the newly appointed Premier, travelled with Chang Hsun to Peking. Prior to the arrival of the mediator the President had shown much vacillation, to one declaring that he would not dissolve Parliament, and to another hinting that he might have recourse to this drastic step in order to save the country. Peking, too, was in a state of consterna- tion over the arrival of Chang Hsun's warriors, whose barbaric reputation was kept in the liveliest recollection by the peace-loving citizens. For a time the President was torn between two opinions, and even his advisers did not afford him the consola- tion that lie sought, for while Dr. Morrison, the British Adviser, pleaded with him for the maintenance of constitutionalism and the preservation of Parliament, Dr. Ariga, the Japanese Adviser, argued that as Parliament had been illegally constituted there was legal basis for the President to dissolve it, since it had not justified its existence. However, Chang Hsun forced a decision. He presented: what was virtually an ultimatum to the President, embracing the retention of the President, the dissolution of Parliament, the establishment of a responsible Parliament, the dissolution of Provincial assemblies, etc. He declared that unless these demands were acceded to he would not be responsible for what would happen. Dr. Wu Ting - fang and other constitutionalists endeavoured to resist the pressure being brought to bear upon the President, but without avail, and on June 13th, as demanded by Chang Hsun, the mandate was issued dissolving Parliament- a mandate, by the way, which Wu Ting-fang refused to counter-sign.

As was to be expected, the Southern Provinces were not slow in indicating their disapproval of the President's weak action, and denunciations came from Yunnan, Kwangtung,. Kwangsi, and Szechuan. At one time it looked as if the Southern Provinces would initiate military action and the Northern Tuchuns prepared for resistance. For the next two or three weeks matters were in a state of drift, but a dramatic climax was reached on July 1st, when the people of China were electrified to learn that in the early hours of that morning the young Manchu Emperor had been enthroned at the behest of the all- powerful Chang Hsun. Imperial edicts countersigned by Chang Hsun were issued in the name of the Emperor proclaiming the re-establishment of the dynasty, the appoint- ment of Councillors and Ministers, promising the remission of taxes, etc., etc. His if high-handed action roused the alarm of all the other military leaders and, in fact for a time united the nation. Tuan Chi-jui immediately placed himself at the head of the mili- letary movement against Chang Hsun, and within a few days troops from all directions were

marching upon Peking. The Dictator's forces made a feeble attempt to resist the advance from Tientsin and retired in disorder upon the Temple of Heaven. Though surrounded, Chang Hsun declined to surrender. All attempts to compromise failed and on the morning of 12th July the farcical battle of Peking was fought. The total mili- tary casualities were estimated at about forty, but, of course, the number of civilians- killed or injured was greater. Chang Hsun escaped from the Imperial city in a motor 1 car and found an asylum in the Dutch Legation, where he remained interned as a la political refugee for more than a year, being then pardoned.

Tuan Chi-jui, hailed as the saviour of the country, reorganised the Government, which once more became republican in name and pledged to republican institutions, thus depriving his opponents of their stock argument that he was anti-republican. President Li, after his many mistakes, resigned from the Presidency, and, in due course,