Directory_and_Chronicle_1924 — Page 540

HAKODATE

This, the most northerly of the old treaty ports of Japan, is situated in the south of Yezo, in the Straits of Tsugaru, which divide that island from Honshiu. The port lies in latitude 41 deg. 47 min. 8 sec. N., and longitude 140 deg. 45 min. 34 sec. E., and the harbour is nearly land-locked. The town clusters at the foot and on the slope of a bold rock known to foreigners as Hakodate Head, about 1,000 feet in height, which is within a fortified area to which the public are not admitted. The surrounding country is hilly, volcanic, and striking, but the town itself possesses few attractions. There are some Public Gardens at the eastern end of the town which contain a small but interest-

ing Museum. Water works for supplying the town with pure water were completed in 1889. The climate of Hakodate is healthy and bracing. The hottest month is August, but the thermometer there rarely rises above 90 degrees Fahr.; in the winter it some- times sinks to 10 degrees Fahr. or even less, the minimum in an average winter being about 12 degrees Fahr. The mean temperature throughout the year is about 48 degrees. The population of Hakodate has been increasing rapidly for many years and is now about 140,000.

The foreign trade of the port is small, but has been steadily growing during the last few years, mainly owing to the development of the Kamtschatka salmon fisheries, for which Hakodate is the principal entrepôt. The value of the imports in 1922 was Yen 17,162,417 and the exports Yen 14,867,376. (These figures include the fishing trade with Asiatic Russia.) The agricultural resources of Yezo have been to some extent developed under the auspices of the Kaitakushi, a special Bureau for the development of the island that ceased to exist many years ago. The rich pasture lands are well adapted for breeding cattle. In the valuable and extensive fisheries on the coast, however, the chief exports of the future from Hakodate are to be looked for. Increasing quantities of dried fish and seaweed are exported annually, mostly to China. The mineral resources of Yezo are large, and may also some day yield a valuable addition to the exports of this port.

About 3,000,000 tons of coal are annually taken from 41 mines, and the output of the 18 sulphur mines amounts to about 250,000 tons a year when the market price makes it profitable to work them. Manganese was produced during the war boom to the extent of about 10,000 tons a year from five mines between Hakodate and Otaru, but only a very small proportion of the workings can be made to pay under normal conditions. Copper has not figured in the export returns since 1904, though some is mined in the island. Timber has formed the chief item in the export list during the past few years. Washing for gold dust has been carried on in Kitami, and the belief is entertained that with proper machinery the gold mines of Hokkaido may be worked with fair profit. Silver and magnetic iron are also obtained. The kerosene wealth of this district is said to be considerable, but none of the borings has so far given a high yield. At Nukimi-Mura on Soya Strait-in the extreme north-oil wells were discovered long ago, and have been worked by hand for some years. The oil, in fact, overflows into the sea, and in stormy weather boats take refuge at Nukimi-Mura, as the sea is rendered smooth by the oil. Oil also exists at Nigori-Kawa, near Hakodate; at Kayamagori, near Shiribeshi; at Itaibetsu, on a tributary of the Urin River (output 800 gallons per day); at Kotamimura and Tsukisama Mura (Imperial property), near Sapporo; and near Abashiri, where the wells are considered rich.

Hakodate is connected with the capital by telegraph, and a line of railway (157 miles) connects Hakodate with Otaru. A railway from Otaru to Sapporo, 22 miles long, was opened to public traffic on the 28th November, 1830, and has since been carried on to Poronai, where are some large coal mines, the total length of the line being 56 miles. A branch to Ikushumbetsu, seven miles, has since been laid, and another line from the coal mines to Muroran, a port on the south-east of the island, a distance of 143 miles, was opened to traffic in July, 1892. At the station of Oiwake, from which point there is a branch line to Yubari (26 miles), the Tanko Tetsudo Kaisha established ovens for the manufacture of coke. There are now over 1,000 miles of railway in the Hokkaido. Through communication from Hakodate in the south to the open port of Nemuro in the north-east was completed in 1921, and another line was carried through to Cape Soya, the northernmost point of the island, in 1922, and a Government Railway ferry service has now been inaugurated (May, 1923) between that point and Odomari, the principal port in Karafuto (Jap. Saghalien). The Hakodate Harbour Improve-

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