Directory_and_Chronicle_1921 — Page 930

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NANKING

and monuments, known as the Ming Tombs, are just outside the eastern walls. There are many other interesting ruins in or near the city, including the remains of Hung Wu's Palace. Nanking was first brought into notice among Europeans in 1842, in which year the first British Treaty with China was signed here. During the Taiping rebellion no place suffered more. It was first taken by assault by the Taipings on the 19th March, 1853, and after sustaining a prolonged siege was recaptured by the Imperial forces on the 19th July, 1864, a fatal blow to the rebels.

Although Nanking has recovered to a small extent from the prostration which attended its ill-treatment during the Taiping rebellion, it has never yet attained any commercial importance, but both coal and iron mines are known to exist in the neighbourhood and must eventually be worked, in which case Nanking will probably become a great manufacturing centre. "A new and brilliant era," a Commissioner of the Chinese Maritime Customs has written, "should dawn upon the port of Nanking, on account of its excellent position as a terminus for the railways which will bring down. the immense mineral and other wealth of the provinces of Anhwei, Honan, and Shansi. The distance from either Honan or Shansi is about the same to Nanking as to Hankow, and the engineering difficulties of a railway down to the river opposite Nanking are no greater than those of a line to Hankow. The great advantage, then, which should secure to Nanking its position as the outlet for these rich provinces is the fact of its being so much nearer the sea than Hankow and accessible to the deepest- draught ocean vessels at all seasons of the year. It is, therefore, only natural that a line should have been projected from the mineral fields of Shansi to the village of Pukow, on the other side of the river to Nanking. Work has commenced on a third line to run from Nanking to Changsha, to be known as the Ning-hsiang Railway, connect- ing up with the Shanghai-Nanking Railway at the Nanking end and with the Canton- Hankow Railway at the other end. Yet another line, from the mineral district of Hsin-yang in Honan, through Anhwei, with its terminus at Pukow, is also in contempla- tion. These three lines should revolutionise the cominercial conditions at Nanking." The line from Shanghai to Nanking does not seem to have given the impetus to commercial life anticipated. Trains are running daily from Shanghai to Nanking and a short line has been completed connecting Hsiakwan, the port of Nanking, with the southern part of the city, a distance of six to eight miles. Work was commenced on the southern section of the Tientsin-Pukow line in January, 1909. The total length of the southern section of this line is 236 miles, which was completed in 1912. During the past two or three years there has been "quite an air of progress," especially in buildings and quite a Western aspect is being given to the ancient Capital of the Mings, as the new government buildings are all in foreign style, and so, also, are a growing number of shops and residences recently built for Chinese. The Naval College, a large pile of buildings, was opened in 1890. It was closed during the Revolution, but has since been re-opened. The Nanking University was founded in 1888 by the Central China Mission of the Methodist Episcopal Churcli, and is now an imposing and well-appointed school, with a large roll of scholars. The Arsenal and Powder Mills, for many years in the charge of foreigners, are now entrusted to native direction. They are situated just outside the South Gate. A macadamized road has been built from the steamer landing clear through the city to the Tung-Tsi Gate in the south wall, a distance of eight miles, and many similar roads in other parts of the city have been added during the last few years, so that it is now possible to go "almost anywhere" in carriages. The carriages and jinrickshas which have been introduced are much appreciated by the people. British and American Consulates were opened in 1900, and since then Japanese Consulate has also been established. The net value of the trade of the port was Hk. Tls. 44,147,091 in 1919 as compared with Hk. Tls. 22,995,766 in 1918 and Hk. Tls. 22,895,022 in 1917. A grand industrial exhibition-the first of its kind in China-was held in 1910, the principal buildings being devoted to liberal arts, foreign exhibits, agriculture, fine arts, education, Chinese exhibits from foreign countries, a model hospital and an arsenal.

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Nanking was the scene of much fighting in the revolutionary campaign during October and November, 1911. The whole city was occupied by the revolutionaries in the early days of December, the Tartar City was sacked and burnt, and Nanking became the seat of the Provisional Government with Dr. Sun Yat-sen as President. Here the Republican Constitution was drawn up and promulgated, and the Revolutionary leaders sought to make Nanking the capital of the Republic. In July, 1913, a military outbreak occurred which rapidly developed into an armed rebellion against the Central Government, and from the 15th August until the 1st September the city, until it capitulated to the Government troops, was under a severe bombard-

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