Directory_and_Chronicle_1917 — Page 883

SHANGHAI

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(whose dismissal the Taotai had demanded), still on the Bench. The Corps Diploma- tique at Peking somewhat unfortunately yielded to the demand of the Chinese officials, and this prevented any satisfactory conclusion being arrived at, both parties, the Municipality and the Chinese Magistrates, being unsatisfied. Shanghai in August, 1913, was the scene of some fighting in connection with the abortive rebellion against Yuan Shih-kai. A large force of revolutionaries made several determined attempts to capture the arsenal, but did not succeed.

GOVERNMENT

As at all the open ports, foreigners are in judicial matters subject to the immediate control of their Consuls, British subjects coming under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, which was opened in September, 1865. Subjects of His Britannic Majesty have to pay an annual fee of two dollars, for which they have the privilege of being register- ed at the Consulate and heard as plaintiffs before the Court. There is enforced re- gistration at several of the other Consulates, but it is free of charge. In the autumn of 1906, the United States Government established a High Court for China on much the same lines as H.B.M.'s Supreme Court. Chinese residents in the Foreign Settlements are subject to their own laws, administered by a so-called Mixed Court, which was established at the instigation of Sir Harry Parkes in 1864, and originally sat at the British Consulate. It is presided over by an official of the rank of Tung-chi or sub- prefect. The cases are watched by foreign assessors from the principal Consulates. The working of the Court, especially in regard to civil suits, is far from satisfactory, as the judge has not sufficient power to enforce his decisions, and is notoriously open to outside influence. The matter has for some years been supposed to be engaging the attention of the authorities at Peking, and since the establishment of the Republic there has been considerable improvement. For the French Concession there is a separate Mixed Court, which sits at the French Consulate. There is a Court of Consuls which was established in 1870, the judges of which are elected by the Consuls annually, its purpose being to enable the Municipal Council to be sued.

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In local affairs the foreign residents govern themselves and the natives within the Settlements by means of the Municipal Councils, which exist under the authority of the "Land Regulations." These were originally drawn up for the British Settlement by H.B.M. Consul in 1845, but have since undergone various amendments. In 1854 the first general Land Regulations-the city charter, as they may be called-were arranged between the British Consul, Captain Balfour, and the local authorities, acting under Imperial instructions, by which persons of all foreign nationalities were allowed to rent land within the defined limits, and in 1863 the so-called "American Settlement' was amalgamated with the British into one Municipality. The "Committee of Roads and Jetties," originally consisting of "three upright British Merchants," appointed by the British Consul, became in 1855 the "Municipal Council," elected by the renters of land, and when the revised Land Regulations came into force in 1870, the "Council for the Foreign Community of Shanghai North of the Yang-king-pang," elected in January of each year by all householders who pay rates on an assessed rental of five hundred taels, or owners of land valued at five hundred taels and over. The Council now consists of nine members of various nationalities, who elect their own chairman and vice-chairman, and who give their services free. The great increase of municipal business, however, is proving so much a tax on the time of the councillors, the chairman especially, that some new arrangement is generally considered necessary. A move in this direction was made in 1907, by the creation of a paid Board, exercising much the same functions as a Com- pany's Board of Directors, for the supervision of the Electrical Department. The Sec- retariat was in 1897 strengthened and its efficiency increased, but no move in the direc- tion of a change in the Council's constitution has yet been made. A committee of re- sidents was appointed in November, 1879, to revise the Land Regulations, and their work was considered and passed by the ratepayers in May, 1881, but the "co-operative policy," under which a voice is given to small Powers having practically no interests in China, equal to that given to Great Britain, caused a delay of seventeen years. Regulations were again revised and passed by the ratepayers in March, 1898, and in November the Council received a formal notification that the additions and alterations and by-laws had received the approval of the Diplomatic Body at Peking, and they have the force of law in the Anglo-American Settlement. They give the Council the powers which it had been for nearly twenty years trying to obtain, including the com- pulsory acquisition of land for new roads, and the extension and improvement of already existing thoroughfares, the promotion of sanitation, and the enforcement of building re- gulations. All these had been foreshadowed in the Original Land Regulations of

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