742
CHINA
under rigorous supervision. The remainder of the Fleet fled to the Yangtsze. Sir Robert Hart in a scheme of military reorganisation prepared in 1904 recommended the creation of three naval squadrons, the Northern, the Southern and the Central, each to consist of 10 battleships and first-class cruisers, 10 second-class cruisers, 10 torpedo-boat destroyers, and 50 torpedo-boats, with a crew of 10,500 men.
The scheme is apparently pigeon-holed at Peking for the present, but in 1909 six torpedo-boat destroyers were built for China in Japanese yards, and four river gunboats were launched in 1908 from Hongkong yards. A Commission, headed by H. I. H. Prince Tsai Hsün, visited Europe in 1909 to study naval organisations with the object of developing China's navy, and H. H. Duke Tao (another brother of the Regent) went on a similar mission to Europe in 1910 with a view to a re-organisation of the Army. Towards the end of 1912 a British Naval Mission consisting of a director and six other officers was ap pointed to take in hand the re-organisation of the Navy.
TRADE AND INDUSTRY
The ports open to trade are:-Newchwang, Chinwantao, Tientsin, Chefoo, Woosung, Shanghai, Soochow, Chinkiang, Nanking, Wuhu, Kiukiang, Hankow, Yochow, Chang- sha, Shasi, Ichang, Chungking, Hangchow, Ningpo, Wenchow, Santu, Foochow, Amoy, Swatow, Canton, Samshui, Wuchow, Kongmoon, Nanning, Kiungchow, and Pakhoi. Lungchow, Mengtsz, Szemao and Tengyueh, on the frontiers of Tonkin and Burmah, and Yatung in Tibet, are stations under the cognisance of the Foreign Customs. Mukden, Antung and Tatiengkow and many other inland places in Manchuria have recently been opened to foreign trade. The import trade, exclusive of the Colony of Hongkong, centres chiefly at Shanghai, Tientsin, Hankow and Canton, while the bulk of the exports pass through the ports of Shanghai and Canton. The annual value of the trade of China coming under the supervision of the Imperial Maritime Customs was as follows:-
Net Imports from Foreign Countries.
Net Exports to Foreign Countries.
Total of Net Imports of Foreign trade. Native Goods
1912...Hk. Tls. 473,097,031 Hk. Tls. 370,520,403 Hk. Tls. 843,617,434 Hk. Tls. 193,447,213 1913...
**
570,162,557
**
403,305,546
£60,915,942
973,468,103
+1
203,897,287 1913 equals at- Ex. 1.51, Mex. $806,945,461 Mex. $608,991,374 Mex. $1,469,936,835 Mex. $306,084,903. Ex. 3s. Old., £86,118,303
£147,034,246
£30,796,986 The following was the net value of commodities imported direct from and exported direct to foreign countries in 1913. These figures do not include the trade carried on with neighbouring countries in Chinese junks, which does not come within the control of the foreign customs, but include Hk. Tls. 16,127,874 re-exports to foreign countries:-
Hongkong
Japan (including Formosa) Great Britain
Totals
Imports Exports .Hk. Tls. 171,636,099 117,128,661
288,764,760 119,346,662 65,544,186 184,890,848 96,910,944 16,346,413 113,257,357 35,427,198 37,650,301 73,077,409 22,152,888
United States of America
Russia, Siberia and Russian Pacific Ports
""
British India..
12
44,921,437 67,074,325
48,292,190
France
Germany
"1
5,299,517
י
28,302,403
Belgium
17,025,224 45,327,627
40,749,782 46,049,299
6,190,307 54,482,497
Straits Settlements.
""
15,830,838
Macao
19
8,935,416
Korea
})
6,596,148
Netherlands
19
3,526,881 6,812,968 10,339,849
4,952,378 11,548,526
7,552,710 16,458,126
6,546,398 22,377,230
Dutch Indies...
"}
19
€,836,792
Italy
French Indo-China...
1,423,864 8,692,465 10,116,329
2,605,061 9,441,953
663,651 8,318,028 8,081,689
Austria and Hungary.
Siam and Philippines..
Turkey, Persia, Egypt, Aden, etc.
Canada, Australia, and South Africa.
Other European Countries
Central and South America
""
4,782,011
"}
4,121,913
""
1,444,866
....
140,186
3,696,853 3,937,039
2,790,540 4,235,406.
1,550,175 5,672,088
1,887,073 0,009,094
>>
"
2,567,761 2,052,023
1,251,448
3,919,209
967,919
3,019,942
180
*
125,209
125,389
Hk. Tls. 586,290,431 403,305,546
989,595,977
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