756
CHINA
under rigorous supervision. The remainder of the Fleet fled to the Yangtsze. Sir Robert Hart in a scheme of military reorganisation prepared in 1904 recommended the creation of three naval squadrons, the Northern, the Southern and the Central, each to consist of 10 battleships and first-class cruisers, 10 second-class cruisers, 10 torpedo-boat destroyers, and 50 torpedo-boats, with a crew of 10,500 men. The scheme is apparently pigeon-holed at Peking for the present, but in 1909 six torpedo-boat destroyers were built for China in Japanese yards, and four river gunboats were launched in 1908 from Hongkong yards. A Commission, headed by H. I. H. Prince Tsai Hsün, visited Europe in 1909 to study naval organisations with the object of developing China's navy, and H. H. Duke Tao (another brother of the Regent) went on a similar mission to Europe in 1910 with a view to a re-organisation of the Army. Towards the end of 1912 a British Naval Mission consisting of a director and six other officers was ap- pointed to take in hand the re-organisation of the Navy.
TRADE AND INDUSTRY
The ports open to trade are:-Newchwang, Chinwantao, Tientsin, Chefoo, Woosung, Shanghai, Souchow, Chinkiang, Nanking, Wuhu, Kiukiang, Hankow, Yochow, Chang. sha, Shasi, Ichang, Chungking, Hangchow, Ningpo, Wênchow, Santu, Foochow, Amoy, Swatow, Canton, Samshiui, Wuchow, Kongmoon, Nanning, Kiungchow, and Pakhoi. Lungchow, Mengtsz, Szemao and Tengyueh, on the frontiers of Tonkin and Burwah, and Yatung in Tibet, are stations under the cognisance of the Foreign Customs. Mukden, Antung and Tatiengkow and many other inland places in Manchuria have recently been opened to foreign trade. The import trade, exclusive of the Colony of Hongkong, centres chiefly at Shanghai, Tientsin, Hankow and Canton, while the bulk of the exports pass through the ports of Shanghai and Canton. The annual value of the trade of China coming under the supervision of the Imperial Maritime Customs was as follows:-
Net Exports to
Net Imports from Foreign Countries. Foreign Countries.
Total of Net Imports of Foreign trade. Native Goods 1911...Hk. Tls, 471,503,943 Hk. Tls. 377,338,166 Hk. Tls. 848,842,109 Hk. Tls. 180,754,617
473,097,031
1912...
19
370,520,403
"
843,617,434
1912 equals at- Ex. 1.52, Mex. $719,107,487 Mex. $563,191,013 Mex. $1,282,298,400 Ex. 3s. Ogd., £72,196,578
£126,739,535
£56,542,957
193,447,213
Mex. $294,03,764 £29,520,851
The following was the net value of commodities imported direct from and exported direct to foreign countries in 1912. These figures do not include the trade carried on with neighbouring countries in Chinese junks, which does not come within the control of the foreign customs, but include Hk. Tls. 12,629,049 re-exports to foreign countries:--
Imports Exports
Hongkong
Japan (including Formosa)
Jik. Tls. 147,801,263
103,384,165
Totals 251,183,528
"1
91,016,652
55,262,004 146,278,656
Great Britain
""
74,856,196
15,899,621
90,755,817
United States of America
36,197,671
35,049,902
71,247,573
}
Russia, Siberia and Russian Pacific Ports British India.
21,232,169
45,196,789
€6,428,958
46,645,977
7,572,703 54,218,680
France
2,932,373
19
38,809,138
41,741,511
Germany
.་
21,129,047
14,338,824
35.468,771
Belgium
""
8,751,495
6,554,975
15,306,470
Straits Settlements.
"
8,604,904
6,339,483
14,944,287
Italy
485,547
10,842,599
11,328,146
Macao
""
6,408,412
4,573,698
10,981,510
Korea
19
3,155,334
5,413,374
8,598,708
Netherlands
922,103
*
7,615,318
8,597,421
Dutch Indies.
French Indo-China.
Turkey, Persia, Egypt, Aden, etc.
99
6,018,096
1,612,566
7,660,662
,,
3,3:9,194
1,497,302
4.81,496
......
""
137,254
3,938,354
4,075,608
Austria and Hungary
Canada, Australia, South Africa.
Siam and Philippines
Other European Countries
""
2,275,380
1,873,374
4,148,754
"
2,099,142
1,458,063
3,557,205
732,094
99
2,125,526
2,85 ̄,630
""
914,777
1,031,316
Central and South America
""
101,899
1,946,099 101,893
་
Hk. Tls. 485,726,080 370,520,403
856,246,483-
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