Directory_and_Chronicle_1910 — Page 996

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CANTON

Sir Charles Straubenzee, in command of an expedition which had been specially despatched from England, attacked the city, and it was taken on the 29th of that month. The French also sent out an expedition, and the city was occupied by the Allied Forces until October, 1861, a period of nearly four years.

The city proper extends to a breadth of about two miles, is about six miles in circumference, and is enclosed by walls about twenty feet thick and from twenty-five to forty feet high. The suburbs spread along the river for nearly five miles. The entire circuit, including the suburbs, is nearly ten miles, the walls enclosing about six miles. What is now called the New City was formerly known as the Southern Suburb. The Western Suburb stretches for miles along the river. There are sixteen gates giving admission into the city besides two water gates. Canton contains great attractions for foreign visitors in its numerous temples, pagodas, &c., and in the many curio shops to be found there. As a specimen of Chinese architecture, the Chin Chew Club is well worthy of inspection, and the Examination Hall, the City of the Dead, the Execution Ground, the Gaols, the Arsenal, an ancient Water Clock, the Mahomedan Mosque and the fine ancestral temple of the Chan family are among other show places. The French Mission have a large and handsome Gothic cathedral, with two lofty towers surmounted by spires, in the city. The structure is entirely built of dressed granite. A Mint, constructed by the late Viceroy Chang Chih-tung, and furnished with a very complete plant, has been erected near the East Gate, commenced work in 1889, and now issues silver dollars and subsidiary coins, as well as copper cents. The buildings cover a large area. On the opposite side of the river the Honam Temple and Monastery form the principal attraction, and in the same neighbourhood the firing, sorting and sif- ting of tea, the preserving of ginger, and the packing of rattans, cassia, &c., may be seen. The founding of bells, and the dyeing of paper and cotton fabrics are two of the chief industries of Fatshan, some ten miles from Canton. There are large glass-works at Fatei, and paper-mills-these with up-to-date European machinery-near the village of Impo. At Shekwan, seven miles from Fatshan, are extensive potteries The population of Canton has been estimated at 2,500,000, by the Customs authorities. A native official report in 1895 gave the population as 499,288 only; but this was exclusive of the boat population and is believed to have been inaccurate as regards the land population.

When the foreign merchants returned to Canton to establish trade after the capture of the city by the English at the close of 1857, they found the Factory and the buildings along the river in ruins. Recourse for accommodation was consequently had to warehouses on the Honam side of the river. Considerable discussion subsequently took place as to the selection of a site for a permanent British settlement, and it was eventually determined that an extensive mud flat known as Shameen should be filled in and appropriated. In 1859 an artificial island was created there, a canal constructed between the northern side of the site and the city, and solid and extensive embankments of masonry built. It took about two years to complete this undertaking, and cost no less than $325,000. Of this sum four-fifths were defrayed by the British, and one-fifth by the French Government, to whom a portion of the reclaimed land was given. Up to 1889 most of the French concession remained unutilised, but in that year a number of lots were sold and are now built upon. The French also received a grant of the old site of the Viceroy's Yamen, on which the Catholic Cathedral now stands. Shameen is pleasingly laid out, and the roads are shaded with well grown trees. Christ Church (Church of England) stands at the western end, and there is also a Roman Catholic church on the French Concession. There is good hotel accommodation. During an anti-foreign riot on the 10th September, 1883, sixteen houses and the Concordia Theatre on the settlement were burned by the mob.

In consequence of the decline in the importance of Canton as a place of trade caused principally by the opening of some of the northern ports, many of the merchants by whom lots were purchased there in 1861, at enormous prices, withdrew from Canton altogether. For many years the trade transacted there by foreigners has been limited, but since 1900 an appreciable increase has been noticeable. Tea and Silk are the staple exports. The export of Tea for the year 1908 was 16,604 piculs, which shows a decline of 3,509 piculs compared with the previous season's export; in 1901 the export was as low as 6,653 piculs. The extent to which this trade has fallen off will be seen on a comparison of the above figures with those for 1888, when the export was 131,141 piculs. The quantity of Raw Silk and Cocoons (exclusive of Refuse and Wild Silk) exported in 1908 was 41,035 piculs which compares with 41,500 in 1907;37.240 in 1906; and 38,370 piculs in 1905. These figures, however, which are taken from the Maritime Customs returns, do not give the total export, but only those in foreign ves sels. Both Tea and Silk are carried in large quantities to Hongkong by junk for