1408
NETHERLANDS-INDIA
Commander-in-Chief of the
Army and Navy, and is seconded by a Lieutenant General, Commandant of the Army and Chief of the War Department and a Vice- Admiral or Rear-Admiral, Commandant of the Navy and Chief of the Marine Depart ment, and further by the seven Directors of the Departments: of the Home Government Finance; Justice; Education, Public Worship and Industry; Agriculture; Government monoplies and industrial enterprises; and Public Works. The Department of Agriculture, established on 1st January, 1905, is a combination of the gardens (botanical and experimental), laboratories, musea, etc., known until that date as "Lands Plantentuin," with the Bureau of Forestry, the Veterinary Service and the Govern ment Coffee and Cinchona plantations.
Netherlands-India is divided into provinces, under the administration of Governors or Residents and their Assistant Residents, and "Controleurs". The direct government of the population is entrusted to natives with the titles of Regent, Wesiono, and Assistant-Wedono in Java and other titles in the other islands. In appointing the native officials it is considered a rule that the people in the different islands Residencies or districts must be governed if possible by their own chieftains In Soerakarta and Djogjakarta (in Java) and in a great many residencies of other islands the native princes have still to a certain degree the rule of the country in their hands, but in fact their power is only nominal and they are dependent on the Government of Netherlands India.
The Supreme Court is located at Batavia, and Courts of Justice are established at Batavia, Samarang, Soerabaia, Padang, Medan, and Macasser; there are also Residential Courts in all the Residencies, except at Macasser. The Courts of Justice for the natives are in the capitals of Residencies and districts; they have different names, as landraad, rapat, proatin, regentschapsgerecht, districtsgerecht.
CLIMATE
The climate in general is very damp. Under, the equator and at the sea level the maximum temperature may reach upward of 35° Celsius At a distance from the equator the temperature is but little lower; however, not so high and on some mountains it falls to freezing point At Bataira the mean daily temperature is 26' Celsius. In: the plains and on the lower mountains the monsoons have a great influence on the climate. To the south of the equator from April to October the south-east monsoon and from October to April the north-west monsoon is blowing, while to the north of the equator the west monsoon blows from April to October and the east monsoon from October to April. The changes of the monsoons are marked by periods of three to four weeks, during which the wind blows from different directions and thunderstorms and calms prevail; these periods are considered to be dangerous to health. The heat is greatest during the south-east monsoon and is nly occasionally tempered by thunderstorms, but the nights are then pretty cool. The west monsoon is accompanied by heavy rains continuing for days and sometimes for weeks, swelling the rivers so that the low countries are often inundated. The influence of the monsoons is in many cases modified by high mountains and other local conditions, so that, for instance, it rains nearly every day at Buitenzorg and in some parts of Borneo and in the highlands of Sumatra. The winds are rather weak.
PRODUCTS
tenk
The islands of the Indian Archipelago have generally a very fertile soil and are rich in useful products. The most important products of Java are: Rice (in 1907 85,000,000 piculs), principally for local consumption; sugar (18,000,000 picuis), cofee (228,000 piculs), tea (1,500,000 kg), tobacco (40,000,000 kg), Cinchona bark (9,000,000 kg), nutmeg, cocoa, pepper, copra, ground nuts, indigo, kapok, tapioca meal, tak timber; of Sumatra: tobacco (23,000,000 kg), coffee (42,000 piculs). pepper, caoutchouc, gums, rattans; of Borneo and Celebes: copra, caoutchouc, gums, rattans.
The export of the principal articles in 1908 amounted to:- Arachides, cleaned
Arrack...
in husk
•
Bark (Bakau and Tengar wood)
Benzine
Birds' nests
Caoutchouc
Cassia vera.........
Cassia fistula Cattle ...
Cinchona Bark
•
J
:
...
¦
::
:
...
...
13,000,968 kilo value Fl. 1,300,097 11,041,003 4,171,048 8,754,970 kilo
1,104,100
17
litre
"
"1
"1
11
事多
39
學
#
3 9,719,678 litre
3,048,095 kilo
678,077 746,281
"
7,183,709
容量
79
=
=
834,209 1,313,246 9,291,509 606,751 6,096,190
271,230
44,776
465,097
5,746,967
No comments yet.
Private notes are available after approval.