Directory_and_Chronicle_1906 — Page 706

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TIENTSIN

burden. The trade in salt is a Government monopoly. Carpets, shoes, glass, coarse earthenware, and fireworks are also made in large quantities in the city, but Tientsin is at present essentially a centre for distribution and collection rather than for manu- facture. The exports include coal, wool (from Kokonor, Kansuh, etc.), bristles, straw braid, goat skins, furs, wine, etc. The export tra le is a recent creation, and is largely due to foreign initiative. Wool cleaning and braid and bristle sorting are the chief industries in the foreign hongs except those of the Russians, who are exclusively engaged in the transit of tea. The imports are of the usual miscellaneous niture: arms, tea for the Desert and Siberia, mineral oil, matches, and needles figure next to piece goods. The fine arts are unknown to the Tientsinese except in the shape of cleverly made mud-figures; these are painted and make really admirable statuettes, but are difficult to carry away, being remarkably brittle.

The export coal trade inay be expected to develop rapidly, as the Chinese Corporation has been replaced by a strong combination of British and Belgian capitalists registered as an English limited liability company. The output and sale of the Kaiping collieries in 1903 excee:led 700,000, of which about 27,000 tons was ship- ped from Tientsin, and over 200,000 tons from Chinwantao, which may be regarded as one of the auxiliary ports of Tientsin. The general trade is increasing, and no wonder, as Tientsin is practically the only sea outlet for the entire trade of the provinces of Chilli, Shansi, Shensi, Kansuh, and part of Honan, with a population not far short of 100,000,000. The total net value of the trade in 1903, less re-exports, was Tls. 68,729,061 as compared with Tls. 89,478,464 in 1992. The corresponding figures for the years 1889, 1900 and 1901 were Tls. 77,601,562; Tls. 31,920,658; and Tls. 49,411,423. The net foreign imports in 1903 were valued at Tls. 37,463,829 as compared with Tls. 53,443,798 in 1902 and the native imports at Tls. 21,891,119 gross and Tls. 19,945,950 net after deduction of re-exports. The export trade, which twenty years ago was practically nil, was in 1903, not including re-exports, Tls. 13,264,458. The duty collected was Tls. 598,197.

Tientsin has played a great part in the history of China during the momen- tous years of the Boxer outbreak; after the capture of the Taku Forts and its own relief from twenty-seven days' siege in June-July, 1900, it became the primary base for the Allied invasion of

Allied invasion of North China. As the centre of the foreign influence, and the new learning in North China, it incurred the particular odium of the Boxers, and was the first object of their attack when they left Paotingfu at the end of May. They arrived in the city at the beginning of June, and at once overawed the provincial authorities; indeed the latter promptly entered into collusion with them, supplying them both with food and funds, as the cash- books captured at the Yamen later on proved. As in Peking, the actual hostilities broke out in the destruction by fire of Mission premises, and in personal attacks on those suspected of association with foreigners. So great was the animosity towards the latter, that great numbers of the compradore clerks and shroff classes came into the Settlements to obviate certain death. The Boxers attacked the Settlements and the Railway Station in great force on the night of the 15th of June, but were easily beaten off by the 560 marines of all nationalities who had come up from the Fleet to conduct the defence. By great good fortune, as it afterwards turned out, a body of Russians, numbering 1,700 men, and including a battery of well-found artillery had been precluded from following Admiral Seymour in his gallant effort to rescue the Legations by the fact that the railway was cut these men had perforce to remain in Tientsin. Even with their presence the fierceness and determination of the Chinese- attacks were phenomenal and were with difficulty met. It is terrible to think of the disaster that might have happened had this Russian force been absent. The lines extended over a length of two miles, exclusive of 2,000 yards of river frontage. The Chinese saw with great acumen that the key of the strategic position was at the Railway Station on the native side of the river to the east of the French Settlement, and directed all their efforts to carry it. It was here throughout that the Russians under Colonel Wogack did very fine service. Had the Station been carried, not only would the victors have been able to enfilade the Settlements with rifle fire, but they would have got a commanding position for their heavy guns, and in a day or two would have reduced the French and British Concessions to a heap of ruins. At first no fears were entertained of the Boxers, but when the defenders became aware that the Taku Forts had been attacked on the morning of the 17th of June, it was at once seen that the Tientsin foreign community was in deadly peril. The Chinese Authorities resented this act of war, and seized it as a good excuse for taking up the Boxer cause openly, and for opening fire on the Concessions. At 2 p.m. on the afternoon of June the 17th, the Chinese opened fire from a concealed battery in the City, the