654
NETHERLANDS INDIA
The export of the principal articles in 1901 amounted to:
Rice (bras) ...
Do. (paddy)...
Coffee
Sugar
Tea
l'epper, white Pepper, black Tobacco..
Nutmegs
•
....
+
...
...
33,084,601 kilo } value
3,555,344 ""
28,627,741
723,667,790
586,933 10,086,248
43,698,149
19
""
Al. 3,686,227
>>
19
16,597,091
72,366,779
"
7,846,556
*1
17
"
"
*1
**
"
4,707,934 293,406 4,034,490 34,246,147
37
2,905,876 3,864,373 4,263,878
2,905,876
**
966,993
+
19
15
"1
**
""
67,723,147
"
1,279,163 8,804,009
12,432,866
844.74
""
"
""
542,978
17
2,425,33+
6,062,454
"
**
4,849,963
5,161,756 8,134,522
""
**
>>
2,580,878
**
19
19
2,033,631
Gambier
Kapok
D
Copra Sago Indigo Chinchona Gom damar
Gom kopal.
...
...
Diamonds are found in Borneo, gold in Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes, and Timor, plati- num in Borneo, silver in small quantities in Borneo and Sumatra, copper in Timor and Borneo, iron in Celebes, Sumatra, and Borneo, tin of excellent quality and in large quantities in Banka, Billiton, and the Carimon islands and of inferior quality in sou other islands, lead in Sumatra and Borneo, zine in small quantities in Sumatra, coal in Borneo and Sumatra (production in 1897 was 14,847 and 142,850 tons), in Java and in Batjan, jodium and naptha in Java, saltpetre in Java, marble in Java and espe cially in Sumatra. Salt is produced in Madoera of excellent quality, and also in the other islands, by evaporation of the sea water. Kerosene oil is found in abundance in Java and Sumatra, and gives enormous profits.
The possession of the soil by the natives is strongly protected by law. As a gene ral rule the ground cannot be sold to foreigners, not even to Dutchmen, nor to their descendants who are born in India. The Government is authorized to dispose of un- cultivated grounds and grant parts of them for a certain period to foreigners (erfpachth On the 31st December, 1900, the stock of cattle in Java and Madoera consisted of 2,436,031 buffaloes, 2,654,809 other horned cattle, and 418,400 horses (ponies).
REVENUE, FINANCES
The revenue of the colony is derived from different taxes, viz., export and import duties, excise, ground tax, licences, poll tax, succession duties and stamp duties, the rent of farms (opium, gambling-houses, pawn-brokers shops, etc., etc.), monopolies (opium, salt), tin mines, forests, railways, mining, and agricultural concessions, the culti- vation of coffee, and sundry petty articles. In former years the cultivation of coffee was the principal source of revenue, but of late years there has been a constant decrease. In the residencies in Java (except Batavia, Bantam, Rembang, Soerabaja, Banjoemas, Soema karta and Djokjakarta), where the ground is suitable for the cultivation of coffee, a cer tain number of natives are obliged to plant every year a number of coffee tres to take care of the plantations, to dry the fruit, and to deliver it into the Government godowns. They are therefore free of ground tax and receive a remunera- tion which is fixed by Government.
In nearly all the residencies of Java and Madoera, in Sumatra (except Acheen ami dependencies), in Banka, Billiton, and Borneo, private persons are not allowed to make nor to import salt. Fine table salt, salt for medicinal use, and salt
wanted for packing preserves, can be imported on payment of a duty. The large bulk of the salt that is wanted for the Government monopoly is made in Madoera, where the people are obliged to deliver the salt into the Government godowns at the fixed rate of ten guilders per kojan (1,853 kilogrammes).
After a trial in Madoera (since September 1st, 1894), Lombok and in four residencies of Java, in 1898 the Government resolved upon taking the management of the monopoly into its own hands and to sell the drug on the system of a “*
régie” to the population without the intermediation of farmers. Till now the “régie” i introduced in the said islands, Madoera and Lombok and in the residencies Soerabaya, Pasoeroean, Besoeki, Kediri, Madioen, Rembang, Semarang (Japan). Batavia, the Lampong Districts, and in some places in Bantam and the Preanger Rez encies. If in the meantime no other decision has been taken, the mentioned system of drug-selling is to be introduced in the residencies Soeakarta and Djokjakarta too.
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