Directory_and_Chronicle_1900 — Page 558

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troops and invited China to co-operate in reforming the government of the country, but China declined, and war resulted, Japan driving the Chinese out of Corea and carrying the war into China itself.

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Regarding the financial position of Corea the British Consul in his report for 1896 said: With careful management and retrenchment of expenditure a financial equilibrium has been established and maintained during the past year, and there is a surplus in the Treasury sufficient to cover the greater portion of the national indebtedness. The principal items of revenue are the land tax, the house tax, ginseng tax, and gold dues, which altogether make up a budget of about $4,000,000. The provincial income and expenditure is, however, left to a certain extent to local management, and there can be little doubt that with stricter supervision, and the establishment of a regular system of accounts, the revenue of the Central Government is capable of considerable expansion." In his report for 1897 the Consul said: "The financial position of the country continues to be satisfactory, 2,000,000 yen of the 3,000,000 yen borrowed from Japan have been repaid, and the year closed with a sufficient balance in the Treasury to cover the remainder of the national indebtedness." The report for 1898 was however not so satisfactory, the Consul remarking --"The finances of Corea are no longer in the satisfactory condition they were a year or two ago. The treasury is virtually empty, and the end of each month brings with it the recurring difficulty about the payment of the troops and the discharge of other obligations. So far the Government have not actually fallen into arrears, but they have been living not on their income but on the surplus of past years, and there is an unmistakable downward tendency in their financial arrangements which augurs badly for the future."

In 1896 work was commenced on a railway to connect Chemulpo with Seoul, but financial difficulties have been experienced by the Japanese syndicate who agreed to take over the line from the original American concessionnaire, and the work has made slow progress. A contract has been let for another line, from Seoul to Fusan, a distance of about 300 miles, but work has not yet proceeded beyond the preliminary

surveys.

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The capital city of Han-yang, better known to foreigners as Seoul (which is merely the native term for capital), is situated almost in the centre of the province of Kiung-kei, on the north side of and about three miles from the river Han, about thirty- five miles from its mouth. It lies in 37 deg. 30 min. N. lat. and 127 deg. 4 min E. long. Han-yang means "the fortress on the Han. The city is enclosed by crenellated walls of varying height, averaging about twenty feet, with arched stone bridges spanning the watercourses, It is in the form of an irregular oblong, and stretches lengthwise in a valley that runs from north-east to south-west. The houses are about eight or nine feet high, built of stone or mud, and mostly roofed with tiles. Internally they are clean, for the Coreans, like the Japanese, take off their shoes before entering their houses. A long main street, about 100 feet wide, running east and west, divides the city into two nearly equal portions. In the northern half are the walled inclosures containing the King's Palace and the more important public buildings. A street about 50 feet wide intersects the main street at right angles, dividing the northern half of the city into eastern and western quarters. At the point of intersection stands a pavilion called Chong-kak (the "Bell Kiosk "), from a large bell about seven feet high which is placed there. This spot is regarded as the centre of the city; and from it another street, as wide as the main street, branches off to the south-west. The four wide streets which thus radiate from the "Bell Kiosk" are known as the four Chong-ro or “Bell roads."

Another conspicuous feature of this central part of the city is the row of large warehouses two storeys high, the lower portions of which are divided off into little shops, opening into a small courtyard instead of facing the street. The width of the main streets was formerly much reduced by the construction in front of nearly every house of a rude wooden shanty used for a workshop or for business purposes, which gave the streets a poor and squalid appearance, but some of the principal streets have now been cleared of these unsightly obstructions, and the British Consul in his report for 1896 says the people are gradually being taught the benefits of good roads and clean

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