498
JAPAN.
four Supreme Courts at Tokyo, Sendai, Nagasaki, and Osaka, over which the Daishin In presides at Tokyo.
Previous to the last change of Government, which restored the ancient Imperial régime, the administrative authority rested with the Shogun (Military Commander) whom foreigners were at first led to recognise as the temporal sovereign, and with whom they negotiated treaties of peace and commerce. The Shogunate was founded in 1184 by Yoritomo, a general of great valour and ability, and was continued through several dynasties until 1869, when the Tokugawa family were dispossessed of the usurped authority. Under the Shogun two hundred and fifty Daimios (feudal princes) shared the administrative power, being practically supreme in their respective domains, conditionally upon their loyalty to the Shogun; and the Mikado's power was thus reduced to a shadow. On the 7th July, 1884, however, His Majesty issued an Imperial Notification and Rescript rehabilitating the nobility, and admitting to its ranks the most distinguished civil and military officials who took part in the work of the Restoration. The old titles were abolished, and have been replaced by those of Prince (Ko), Marquis (K), ant (Haku), Viscount (Shi), and Baron (Dan). The nobles now number 500, and the future House of Peers will thus be easily constituted. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.
The estimated total revenue of Japan for the year 1886-87 was given in official returns at $74,695,415, and the total expenditure at $74,689,014, a large increase on the previous year's estimates. The sources of revenue and branches of expenditure were as follow:-
Customs Dut'es
Land Tax
Other Taxes
***
REVENUE.
$ 2,621,774 43,151,582
Profits from Industrial Undertakings
Postal and Telegraphic Receipts
Miscellaneous Receipts
Redemption of National Debt...
...
...
EXPENDITURE.
Civil List and Appanages of Imperial Families Pensions, Gratuities, &c. Expenditure in Cabinet Home Department
Department Foreign Affairs
Shinto Shrines...
Finance Department
War Department
Navy Department
Department of Justice
•
...
Education Department
Agriculture and Commerce
Other Departments and Miscellaneous Expenditure...
•
21,959,839
1,413,168
3,184,267
...
2,364,785
$20,000,000 2,340,000 729,043 570,305
8,385,892
839,228
268,213
12,986,334
12,000,000
5,293,464
2,501,997
858,326
870,296
7,136,916
The domestic debt of Japan in 1886 was $237,905,297. The Foreign debt amounted to $7,522,032.
ARMY AND Navy.
The armed force of Japan is divided into the Standing Army, the Reserve, and the Militia, and the troops into five classes. The Standing Army comprises 42 battalions of Infantry, and one of Cavalry, 30 batteries Artillery, 14 companies Engineers, 6 companies of Transport Corps, and 9 companies Marine Artillery. When on a peace footing the Army numbers about 32,300 men, and on a war footing 85,000 men. They are stationed in various parts of the Empire, which is divided into six military districts, having headquarters at Tokyo, Nagoya, Sendai, Osaka, Hiroshima, and Kumamoto. Camps are established in 37 places. Not included in the above are the Imperial Guard, composed of about 3,700 picked troops, which bring up the strength
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