1936-09-12 — Page 2

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HONG KONG DAILY PRESS SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 1936.

ENGINEERING AND BUILDING

Interesting Chapter In

History Of Paper Making

CHARLES DICKENS FIRST

EDITOR OF "DAILY CHRONICLE”

C,

Material Used In Early Days

The mechanical drive was first introduced into the paper-making ladustry In 1799, when Louis Robert, in France, invented a machine for turning out sheets as a substitute for the manual methods which had been in use since times immemorial. He was soon followed by an Englishman, John Gambell, who, with the assistance of Bryn Donkin, devised a -method of making paper in continuous lengths or webs,

storage accommodation is there fore necessary, especially as the lozs can only be shipper when the

This very great improvement, over the world, though the gren- necessitated the use of presses, so ter part comes from countries that the water could be rapidly re- where the winter temperatures are moved from the sheet. A machine low. The trees are felled in the of Donkin's, which was built in winter season when the sap is low 1808. was" Atted with two such and Gre cut into logs which are presats. Further improvements Goated down the rivers in the were introduced by Fourdrinier, a spring. The logs are thence ex- large number of machines of whose ported either in that form or us design were installed both in this pulp. Before paiping, however, "country and in the United States. the wood is usually stored for In fact, by the middle of the nine- (about 12 mouths. Considerable teenth century, over 400 machines were at work in the British Isles along, This development was due partly to the removal of the news-northem ports are free from ice. paper tax. partly to the growth of the general spread of education and factors of a more commercial character. At the" present time there are over 500 paper machines at work in this country, though their output" is, of course, much larger than that of their forerun- ners. The largest machine at work is installed in the Kemsley Mill of Messrs.

Edward; Loyd. Limited. Salisbury-court, Fleet-street, Lon- don, EC.4.

FOUNDED IN 1840

Wat

It will not be cut of place to relate the development of news- print manufacture to the history of Lloyd's itself, as this firm has played a considerable part in the progress that has been made. In 1840, Edward Lloyd founded "Lloyd News" and later purchased a small newspaper, known as the "Clerkenwell News," which afterwards converted Into the "Dally Chronicle" with Charles Dickens as its first editor To en- sure an adequate supply of news- print for these two journals, Mr. Lloyd erected a mill at Bow, in East London, and for a time pro- duced all the paper he required un one machine. The raw material of manufacture, which in those days was wheaten and caten straw, was mainly obtained from farmers in Kent, and was stored at Sitting. bourne in a building which still exists. This straw was converted into straw pulp at Sittingbourne to facilitate it transport and was then water borne via Millor. Creek. the Swale and the Thames; to the mill at Bow.

11

The next development of im- portance at the Sittingbourne mills was the attempt made by Mr. Lloyd to cheapch production by in- creasing both the width and the

speed of the machines. This po- Hcy, which gave rise to consider- able criticism at the time, actually proved to be entirely successful. These increases were accompanied by contiñuous re-modelung" and mechanical improvements. To be- Bin with, of course, the machines were driven by reciprocating en- gines, but recently there has been B change-over to the electric drive, the energy for, the motors being obtained from both condensing and pass-out turbines. This arrange- ment has economic advantages, since the demands for power and process steam, generally speaking. balance. At the present time the equipment of the Sittingbourne niill comprises 16 machines with an ag- gregate output of 450 tons a day.

WATER RESOURCES AND SUPPLIES

Variation Of

Conditions

The most interesting feature of the Report of the Joint Com- mittee on Water Resources and Supplies, which was published recently, is the manner in which it runs counter to the pro- posals laid down by the Ministry of Health. The proposals con- sidered in this report fall under the headings of Procedure for Obtaining Powers, and Compensation Water, and the criticisms of the Joint "Committee should prove a healthy check to the somewhat bareaucratie methods which have characterised the Ministry of Health's handing of this important subject.

proce-

Chis It will be remembered that dur discussion, although ing the years of "drought the de- dure is not without Its risks. mand arose for a consideration of

The Joint Committee, with its the whole, question of water sup- preference for Private Bill proce- plies and resources on broad lines, dure, naturally does not propose and from various influential quar-

the institution of a Control Board. ters it was suggested that a Na- On the other hand, it considers a tional Board should be brought statutory Central Advisory Board into being to deal with it. The essential. Here again the pro- attitude, however, "of the Ministry | posals are not favourable to those was rather to keep the matter in of the Ministry of Health, for this its own hand, with the advice of Central Board it is suggested selected representatives of the wa-

should embody representatives of This being the organisation, itter supply services. It was pointed the other Ministries affected, of was only natural, when the time out by many people that this was | Catchment and Fisheries Boards, came, as it soon did, that a larger not a satisfactory arrangement, water undertakers and interested mill was required, that the claims and would tend to a lack of breadth industrial and riparian parties. It of the area from which the raw of outlook, and this is now con- is suggested that the Regional Ad- material was drawn should be firmed by the report under notice. Visory Councils. now consisting carefully considered. As a result, Here it is stated that the majority merely of Ministry of Health and water undertaking representatives. should be re-formed and repre- sentatives of other interests added. and that they should report to the proposed Central Board, in- stead of at present to the Ministry of Health, As we have stated above, falling the central authority. arrangementa of this kind may be expected to find much greater fav The view of the our than the proposals of the Min. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisher-istry of Health, since they would, les was similar and it is interesting obviate the risk is a bureaucratic to note that the report considers | action for which this country has

so well developed an aversion. the criticism justified in ho smajl degree, and that the Ministry of Health has largely brought these upon itself by failing to consult other interests than its own and

It was found that Sittingbourne of the witnesses who were examin- offered many advantages as a milled were opposed to the Ministry of site, for in addition to easy com- Health obtaining sole power to munications and the presence or make Orders, as proposed. raw materials, there was a heavy It was complained that the Min- underlying strata of chalk between Istry, being mainly concerned with 700 ft. and 800 f. thick, and a health, had not given adequate copious supply of fresh water. consideration to the needs of in- About 1875, therefore, the paper-dustry. agriculture. or Asheries, making section of the business was and was not capable of fully ap transferred to a new mill at dit | preciating them. tingbourne, and this mili equipped both with a new machine and with the original unit which was brought from Bew. Since that time the paper-making activities of the firm have been concentrated in the Sittingbourne area.

was

SUPPLY PROBLEM The next problem that arose in the firm's history was how to en- sure an adequate supply of raw material, since. it was clear that the supplies of local straw would soon be no longer sufficient to meet demands, especially as two tons of

Committen

IMPRACTICABLE

Again, on the subject of Com- pensation Water, the. present re-

those of the water supply under-port rejects the proposals of the takers, no other representatives Ministry of Health, which, it states, being on the Ministry's Advisory examination has shown to be im

practicable, owing to the wide variation of conditions. The Min- istry proposed calculating compen- sation water by means of a for- mula which the Committee argues does not operate satisfactorily, and which Itself includes an unscienti- fic and arbitrary user factor," which would be so difficult to as- sess as to render any result of the calculations of very little value. It is considered that each river should be considered on its merits, and the possibilities of the future not 18nored. as would happen with cal- culation by formula,

NO LEGISLATION The present Committee do not recommend any type of legislation by Order and consider that on the it were required to produce one ton whole the best procedure in the of paper. Successful,, attempta matter of water supplies is by Pri- were therefore made to produce vate Bill Although to many this the necessary palp from trees and appears to be far from an ideal It is of course, this material which system. it will most probably prove now practically entirely provides preferable to any system placing the raw material for the ever- the final word with a Ministry, growing quantities of newsprint Failing an independent and broad consumed. The wood used for this minded board, a great many would purpose is spruce (Picea Ercelsa), undoubtedly prefer the chance and is obtained from forests all which a B gives for reasonable

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