1935-07-13 — Page 2

Page

SOME CHARACTERISTICS

Of The Rolling Stock

As a railway train is more or less, equivalent to a system of spring-borne vehicles of masses supported by a permanent way that also possesses elust.c pro- perties, the trend towards in- creased speed tends to produce in such a system vibratery motions which may require special atten-. tion when the axle loads and masses involved attain relatively great values. The general sub- ject of vibrations has a number of important bearings on matters relating to the operation and maintenance of railways, such as, for example, the influence of cer- tain inertia forces on the vibra- tion of the bridges referred to in the Report of the Bridge Stress Committee. A perusal of that publication makes manifest the advantages that accrue from, an investigation of the subject on an experimental basis that is broad enough to cover all the re- iated factors. Further, it is desir able to collect as much informa- tion as possible on the motion of different types of locomotives, since it is not inconceivable that sufficient data on the subject would enable us to determine to what extent the swerving or "no-" sing action of the engine is In- "fuenced by the usual method of balancing the reciprocating parts. Should a full examination of the phenomenon show that certain types of engine ¿possess. "critical” speeds, above or below which the objectionable action

tical, as weel as theoretical, re- sons It customary to treat a disturbance along any one axis as being independent of those tak- ing place along the other sxes. This compromise should be used with caution, since the process can only be justified when the nature of the consequences aris ing from it is taken into account; otherwise seeming paradoxes are apt to appear in results" obtain- ed from modern railway equip ment. Moreover, it a survey of the subject includes results deriv- ed from investigations under taken in different countries, then due attention should be given to the different methods used in the design and arrangement of the rolling-stock included in the sur- vey, such as would occur in com- paring the motion of American and English types of car or wagon. In spite of the different practices followed in such a case, however, results obtained from a study of vibrations with the American type of car can scarfely fall to be of service to engineers in this country, since the "general theory of vibrations enables us to draw inferences that apply to all types of car or wagon.

REDUCING DAMAGES For this reason many of our readers will be interested in the recently issued Progress Report of the Mechanical Division of the American Railway Association, On Tests of Trucks and Truck

Designed practically Springs

to Promote * vanishes, such an experimental Easter Riding and Reduce Har- result would be of considerable., monic Motion. This is an ac- Importance to those engaged on count of the results so far obtain the design of railway bridges, as.

from an investigation aranged well as to locomotive engineers. with a view to examining ways and means of reducing the dam- age done to freight and rolling stock by the vertical oscillation of springs and car bodies, and of subsequently drawing up a spe-" cification for the best method of constructing and testing the spring aystems of fre'ght cars. The work consists of a series of running fests carried out on 14 different types of truck-spring arrange-

VIBRATORY MOTION** On the other hand, we may consider the vibratory motion of rolling stock BLS a potential source of discomfort to passengers or of damage to certain kinds of freight, and examine the efort of such disturbing agencies as rall Joints flats on the wheels, and other track irrégularities on the motion of carriages and wagons. It is apparent that these agencies are 1lable to cause objec- tior.able oscillations in a sys- tem that is free," within certain limits, to vibrate about the principal axes 0% symmetry. Since the motion takes place three dimensions, the oscillations about the various axes are analy- tically interrelated, but ror prac

ments. The manufacturer of each device submitted two com- plete sets of gears, one for in- stalling in one of the cars used in the tests referred to in this accouit, and the other" for use in endurance or service tests that are being carried out with re- frigerator cars operating under ord'nary conditions."

Benefits Of Standardisation

IN THE GAS INDUSTRY

It is appropriate that the at- tention of engineers should have been directed to the advantage. which the producer, merchant and user derive from judicious and well-regulated co-operative standardisation, by Mr. S. F. Dunkley, who is the offices, in charge of the stores-testing de- Gas partment of Messrs. The Light and. Coke Company. There are few industries handling such a vast variety of plant equipment, apparatus, and materials as the gas industry. The production and recovery sides alone cover a very large field, while the distribution and utilisation branches, with their necessary equipment for the manufacture, installation, and maintenance of many different appliances find contact with every industry. In a paper delivered" before the London and Souther District Junior Gas Association on January 25 last, Mr. Dunkley dealt with the many advantages of standardisation to Industry in general, wh'le, laying stress upon the specific instance of the gas industry, and, described the or- gan.sation, adopted to control the quality of the goods suppiled to his company. 1

ternational movements, it is to

be noted that in. this country the work of the British Standards In- stitution, carried on with the co- operation of the gas industry, covers a number of subjects of direct concern to manufacturers of gas and of gas-using appilan- ces. The subject is covered by four technical committees and four sub-committees, and such matters have been or are being dealt with as gas-making, and using plant, coal and tars, plug and 'socket connectors, flue pipes, glossary of terms, &c. Further, the work of many other commit tees has a bearing on the gas industry-we need only mention, the attention given to sampling and analysis of the co-op

coke, In this connection the co-opera- tion is sought of the Institution of. Gas Engineers and of the bod les representing the gas industry on the commercial side.

The gas industry was actually one of the first to be rig dly stan- dardised in regard to its maint products. The ask before it is now that of standardising gas and coke appliances internat on ally. It is surprising to find that manufacturers in general do not STIMULUS FOR PROGRESS appreciate that the gas industry Industrial standard sat on is one of the largest users of their might be defined as the co-opera- Products, nor do they fully realise tion of all concerned to produce its requirements. In Mr. Dun the best commodity in sufficient Eley's company it is the policy of quantity and at the least possible the stores-testing staff to carry cost. Standardisation, in Mr out tests of articles purchased, Dunkley's view, far from leading to tabulate and crit cise defects to stagnation, proves of great bewith a view to their elimination, neft to the community, the neces- to act as a la son between users sary stimulus for progress being and manufacturers, to provide amply provided by the compet- the buying department "there" tion between manufacturers hy Lable statistics regarding m the change in the demands of terials purchased, and so on the public, and, in other ways. The growth of invention and in progress of industry make fte cessary for component parts to be

Some: 21,000 consignments of goods of all classes are handled each year, involving over 57.000 detailed technical examinations of samples and nearly 8,000,000 rout-

Epealing of national and in- Ine tests.

14.

HONG KONG DAILY PRESS, SATURDAY, JULY 13, 1935:

ENGINEERING AND BUILDING

BRITTLENESS

In Large Bars

con-

When large vessels have tinued in service after receiving slight Injuries in collision, it has been

found in some instance that heavy stem or stern cast- ings or forgings have broken in a brittle manner. and doubts have been expressed whether the frac- tures have been caused by vibra- tion resulting in fatigue, or, al- ternatively, by injuries received during the collision. Neither ex- planetion in the past

bas ap- peared eritirely acceptable to these conversant with the "eir cumstances. On the one hand, it has been difficult to believe that such long frames can. have vibrated enough to provoke fatl- gue unless the cracks had been started by some qther cause; and on the other, the relatively slight degress of permanent set SUJ- tained in the collisions have not in themselves seemed sufficient to account for the formation of cracks in metal that, again after fracture, has confirmed its satis factory strength and ductility in tensile. bending and 'standard Izod tests

SLIGHT CRACKS

per-

THE SHIPYARDS

Importance Of Naval Contracts

Launches and trial trips pro- vide

the the only news from shipyards these days, and in the last two months the industry has received very little new work Even in the buslest slipyards the contracts, received are falling to keep pace with deliveries, and, as so few inquiries are being made. a decrease in employment seems inevitable.

Ia mercantile tonnage the position on the Clyde at present is nearly as depressing as it was in 1933, and it is the naval work, of which there is fortunately a considerable amount, that is en- abling the yards to keep in operation.

The 10.000-ton cargo steamer backed by the Greenock Dock- yard Company for the Scottish Shire Line is the only substan- tial order received on the Clyde since two tankers were booked early in February by Messrs Har- laid and Weft. Govan.

The Belfast shipyard of Messrs Harland and

are Wolf

the buslest in the world, employing about 10,000 workers. but even.

it

..Some districts report an couraging

number of inquiries, but few are coming the way of

AN EMPIRE SHIP

lt a number of instances, How- there the most recent orders over, cracks have been observed--were' two small metorships for Immediately after collision al- the Coast Lines placed in Feb; though the permanent set has

ruszy been "only very slight; and in other Helds of practice also, as well as mariae. general ex- perlence has indicated that large. the Clyde steel castings and forgings, when they are

called upon to sufer even slight degrees of manent set in bending, are liable to fracture in a brittle" manner that appears inconsistent with the results of tests on standard smaller samples, That the situa- tion is familiar to engineers of experience is clearly revealed by their action when called upon to Inspect for injury: search is Im- mediately made for signs, of cracks, although the degree of bending may be only very slight indeed.

An Interesting launch takes place shortly from the Wallsend yard of Swan 'Hunter and Wigham Richardson, Ltd. This will be the Port Townsville, ordered in February, 1934 by the Commonwealth and Dominion Line for their United Kingdom- New Zealand and Australia trade:

10

Although the reconstructed dock has been in commission for some months now Messrs R. and W. Hawthorn Lealle and Co., -Ltd., Hebburn-on-Tyne, last week conducted a large party of ship- owners representatives and others over their repairing. de- partment and dock. The enter- prise of Hawthorn Leslie and Co. in embarking upon this costly reconstruction scheme was fav- ourably commented upen.

SERVANTS

OF

THE PUBLIC

MAIL NEWS FROM

TO STUDY PROJECT

Nanking, June 28.

CHINA

chow-northern Honan; the building of modern, freight stations; instali- ation of special facilities for the regulations of trafic; purchase of s

The Ministry of Rallways has new rolling-stock and replacement enjoined the Nanking-Shanghat of old rails.--

and

Shanghai-Hangchow-Ningpo Kuo Mine.

Raliway Administration to study and report on the projected Inking up of the Shanghai-Hangchow-

Trade Associations Ningpo and the Soocbow-Kashing

are

TELEPHONE NETWORK

Rallways at Kashing, northern Cheklang, and the double-tracking of the rails at Kashing Station.

Slan, July 1. Speaking at the sixteenth an-

When the... Boochow-Kashing A new era in communications nual dinner of the Drawing Railway is completed, it is stated, has been introduced into northern Office Material Manufacturers" Kashing will become one of the Shensi with the completion of the and Dealers' Association, the re- chief transportation centres, Whe- long-distance telephone network in tiring President, Mr. A; P, Web- ther the linking of the two rail that part of the province, ster, who occupied the chair, ex- ways outside the Station would In order to provide better in- pressed views on the objects of interfere with traffic, and whether telligence facilities, the Shensi trade associations which will the laying of double tracks at the Provincial Government is also doubtless meet with general ap- Station would be sufficient to meet planning to erect ten radio stations probation. He referred to the future needs or emergencies, In the province, in adition to the remarkable spread of co-opera- problems which must therefore be removal of the Hopel Radio Broad- tion in industry the 18 years of carefully studied before the project casting Station here by the Central

is caried out.-" the Association's life, and sald

Authorities. The necessary Kud Mini he believed that trade assocla-

terial and equipment have arrived tions were destined to play an

and installation work will shortly important part in the future

be started in southern Shensi.-- planning of British industry.

Ano Wix. Those having expert knowledge of an industry were being called Into the councils of the nation and the value of the contribu- tion they could make was depen- dent upon the effectiveness of their organisation and the extent of their goodwill.

SEVEN-YEAR PLAN

Nanking, July 1

NEW TELEPHONE

A seven-year plan for the read- justment and improvement of the Peiping-Hankow Railway Bervice has been approved by the Ministry

Lanchow, July 2, of Railways and will be put into The newly installed long-distance force with the new fiscal year telephone service on the Inter-

(July 1, 1935) it is learnt

provincial highway Hriking. Sian Among the features of the and Langchow, provincial capitals

AND

PORTL

EXERA

BEST

RETE

GEMENT

OFFICIAL SUPPORT Trade associations

the ware servants of the community nad could not expect officia, support scheme are the construction of "a of Bhensi and Kansu, was officially

joint station with the Lung-Hal opened to traffic yesterday.—- "unless service to community was

Railway Administration in Cheng- Kuo Min. foundation of the

their work. Realisation of this would enabla many present problems to bu deait with and must be the basis of the discussion on which de- cisions were finally made. Hu thought the offical view Was that it was desirable for each industry to work out its

QWN salvation, though the Govern- ment might be prepared to ren- der assistance when dèstred. It was obvious, however, that the Governmente must be assured that nothing done would be pre- Judicial to the national welfare. With this in mind, he would wel- come the closest scrutiny of the operations of the Association. Mr. Webster's remarks were made in his reply to the toast of The Association," proposed by the Right Hon. The Earl of Bir- kenhead. "The toast of The Visitors" was proposed by the newly-elected President, Mr. L.

EMERALCRETE

RAPID HARDENING

Taylor, M.C.. and responses were PORTLAND CEMENT

made by Sir Alexander Macken- zie Livingstone, and by Mr. J. P. MacLaurin. Sir Alexander spoke in highly appreciative terms, of the work done by Mr. Webster throughout the life of the As- sociation, as also did Mr. J. P. Halden in proposing a vote of thanks to the retiring president.

IN PAPER BAGS OF 94LBS NETT

PRODUCT OF

GREENSLAND CEMENT CO.LTD.

to 470ft in length have been. The Caledon Shipbuliding and E

The remarkable difference ob- served between the more brittle. type of fracture of a large notch- ed plece, and the tougher form of fracture of a smaller but otherwise simpllar pieces of the same material, does not so far appear to have found any 'scien- tific explanation. In scientific

The dock has been lengthened circles, the fact itself appears to

by 70ft, widened by 91t... and be far from generally accepted, depth increased by 8ft. Since the although from time to time it..scheme was completed vessels up has been recognised, on isolated accasions. In practice, it seems, to be assumed that the degree of notch-toughness exhibited by a small, standard sample in an. Isod test can be expected also in practice in similar pieces of larger size; and the striking con- `trast between the examples of brittle fracture so commonly found in the scrapheaps, of re- Dairing firms and the examples of the more ductile type pro- duced in the proving departments of steelmakers is attributed to fatigue or other causes, or simply to flaws in the larger pieces, and the effect of the difference in size is, wholly disregarded.

An

"BENDING TESTS”.

.

article on "Bending-testa on Large Notched Bars," by Dr.

docked, but much larger tonnage can be accommodated. One of the interesting features 13 A new electric pumping equipment which will clear the dock of water in one hour.

CLYDE SHIP-REPAIRING "The dry docks have been fairly busy, Barclay Curle and Co. hav- ing dry-docked five vessels The firm carried out repairs afloat on other five vessels. One of the Vessels on hand at Barclay Curle's is the City of Calro, and her appearance has been greatly Improved by painting her top sides grey..

D. and W. Henderson and Co. continued overhaul on the Fintra, voyage and damage repairs on the California, and machinery

lion, the Aeneas, the Merchant, the Marthara, and the Caledonia

J. G. Docherty. is therefore of <repairs on the Titan. Voyage considerable practical as well as repairs were made on the Aspha- scientific interest, Although the article does not attempt to ex plain the difference between the types of fracture observed, it gives a clear description of the mode of transition from the one the other in pieces of different size. It shows that bending com- mences in nearly the same man- ner in larger and small samples. and that the course of plastic bending is ent short-at progres sively earlier stages in the larger pleces by sudden cracking. Thus large bars with notches are more brittle tha

that

with the well-known principles mechanical similarity.

Alexander Stephen and Sons docked the Orchy for damage re- pairs and the Annan for voyage repairs. The Aralar Mendi was was on hand for voyage repairs, and sundry repairs were made on the ba and the Shuna.

The Fairfeld Shipbuilding and Engineering Company had the Hoit iners Titan and Autolycus for general hull repairs and the LAER paddi steamereame Deans for annual overbaut.

The ythswood: Shipbuilding

dryd

three vessels

SCOTTISH EAST COAST

Engineering Company, Ltd., Dun- dee, Gave undocked the Perth and" are proceeding with survey repairs alongside, They have now docked the Campain for huli repairs and are attending to the J. Hannay Thompson in dock for special survey. The Cathe- rine "29 on slipway for hull re- pairs and the repairs to H.M.TS. Unicorn are being proceeded with; while boller repair have been carried out on the Oberon ad hull repairs completed on the T. B. Taylor.

Messrs Henry Robb docked two vessels for repairs-the Cairnesk and the Bendöran, Survey - re- pairs were carried out on the Cairness, The Playfair and the Launch No. 230 were on hand for overhauling.

** NORTH-EAST REPAIRS North East Coast ship repair- ing continues dull, and ali firms could easily accommodate more work.

The Walseid Slipway and En- gineering Company, Ltd., Wall- send, are making rapid progress with the extensive alterations and the Atting of new engines in the Sacramento Valley. but the Job with leat another two or three weeks or more yet.

Palmers Hebburn Company are sack at the moment, but there are brighter prospects.

PESCOD WING FINS An interesting job is being carried out ca Wearside at Messrs John Crown and Son's Pescod-wing ins stated help to in

are being

which

*New

IXCHANGE BUILDING. HONG KONG.

THE TAIKOO DOCKYARD & ENGINEERING COMPANY OF HONGKONG, LIMITED.

BUILDERS OF ALL CLASSSES OF SHIPS. BUILDERS OF RECIPROCATING STEAM ENGINES. BUILDERS OF MARINE AND LAND BOILERS, BUILDERS OF TURBINE MACHINERY

Under License From Messrs Parsons, BUILDERS OF DIESEL ENGINES

Under Special License From Messrs Sulzer Bros,, Winterthur,

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DOCK & SLIPWAYS

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