1933-03-15 — Page 6

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HONG KONG DAILY PRESS, WEDNESDAY, MARCH 15, 1933.

BUILDING OF THE SHING MUN DAM

SOME OF THE DIFFICULTIES

OF THE ENGINEERS

Illuminating Address To Rotarians By Resident Engineer

AN ADDRESS WHICH ILLUSTRATED THE IMMENSE SUALE OF THE WORK CONNECTED WITH THE CONSTRUC- TION OF THE SHING MUN DAM WAS GIVEN YESTERDAY · AT THE ROTARY OLUB BY MR. G. B. GIFFORD HALL, RE SIDENT ENGINEER OF THE SHING MUN WATER WORKS CONSTRUCTION SCHEME. ·

Mr. Hull's address was followed with kean interest by the audi- ence and among the statements was that the dam would probably take four years to build. Mr. Hull added that were the job pro- perly done, the Colony would have a dam that would last three or four hundred years!

The Hon. Dr. S. W. Tso presided over the meeting and amongst the large number of guests was Mr. A. B. Purves of the Public Works Department.

Mixing the Concrete.

-At Shing Mun the only suitable rock is down in the gorge itself down-stream of the dam. That moans that the stone, when it has been quarried, which incidentally involves winning 1,000 tons a day, has to he lifted across the valley to the crushers on the near side of the dam where it will be crushed preparatory to its being converted into concrete. One having settled the site of the quarry, which is the heart of the job, (because what we are trying to do is to take solid rock from one place and put it in another place in as nearly ita ori- ginal condition of solidity sa pos sible), the rest of the plant and machinery is located with respect to that. Then follows the location of the mixers and then some means has to be devised of placing the mixed concrete into the dam. Onc of the most modern, methods of do- ing this is with a chuting plant but we do not like this particularly because we find that in het onun- tries the concrete is apt to stick în the chutes; furthermore, we like to use dry concrete because it has been found that the less water there is in conerete the stronger it is and in trying to chute dry concrete wo find that the larger particles se parate themselves from the rest and so nullify the care we have exercis- thated in mixing it. Another difficulty. with a chuting plant is that you cannot in this manner put "plums" into the dam. "Plums" are large solid stones, weighing up to five tons or more which are embedded in the concrete and which have the effect of considerably reducing the east of the work.

WHY THE WORK WILL TAKE FOUR YEARS

We have aban

Mr. Hull said: I must Buy at the You have perhaps noticed outset that dams can be divided any valley is narrower at the bot into a number of different classes. tom than it is at the top and it such as the gravity dam, the arch so happens that unless a certain dam, the multiple-arch dam, the angle is subtended by the arch, the slab and buttress dam, the rock, arch itself does not in fact behave fill dam, the earth diam and the us an arch, but as a cantilever; hollow-re-inforced concrete dnın. so that while the upper. part of fore and have adopted cableways doned, the idea of chuting there- Of all these we have selected two the Gravity and the Arch as being the Dam acts as an arch the lower which pick up four to five tons con- moat suitable for the characteris part of the arch is acting as a crete at a time and carry them to ties of the Shing Mun Valley: cantilever and somewhere between the dam and which will, also be the two there is an indeterminate able to carry plums of similar The gravity dam, as its name im- plies, resists the pressure of the intermingling of these two parti-weight to the dam.. water by its weight. It might be said that it is perhaps the most ex- pensive of all these darus. It is usually built of concrete or cyclo- pean rubble which consists of very large stones embedded in concrete. Compared with the disadvantage of cost it has the advantage that a spillway can easily be incorporat od in this dam. It is also much easier to build because its large dimensions enable what might be called mass production", methods to be employed.

manner,

cular types of stress.

In the Shing Hun Dam. In the Shing Mun Dam the low- er 100 feet is designed as a cantil- over and in order to eliminate any uncertainty

Making Their Own Sand! Another interesting thing about Shing Mun is that there is no sand near the site. You all know how concrete is made. The ordinary the kind of rock is taken and crashed to va- treas at this point un ashphaltrious sizes and then sand has to be We added to fill up the interstices in joint has been introduced. shall thus build the dam up to & the stone and cement to be added to height of 100 feet and then two in-fill in the interstices in the sand. ches of ashphalt will be put on In this place there is no sand near- top of that and then an arch pro-er than some of the beaches twenty per will be, built on that, so that miles away so we have to pulverise two dams will be incorporated in our own sand with machinery that one, both acting independently yet picks up small stones and "flinga together. If you ask me, however, them against steel plates which has what happens in the ashphalt, the effect of converting them into should have to confess frankly that, sand of different sized grains. I don't know. What I know is that ashphalt being plastic will accor- onte itself to whatover changes do take place and that again being

The Arch Dam.. The arch dam stands up against the water in a totally different It breasts the water and the water pressure sets up a thrust which is transmitted through the dam to the abutments. In the old days we used to design it as a thick cylinder and before we knew plastic, as much about concrete as we do to leak and travel from one side to-day we used to limit the stress of the joint to the other. in about 15 tons per square foot. During the past ten years, how

will not permit the water

Before wn

came here there had

2

The method of construction was decided in December list and full

specifications of the machinery re quired was sent home to England and now being manufactured there. Meanwhile we have to go on with the preliminary work-and we are now building a camp for a thousand or so coolies, quarters for

ever, we have found out a good/been a certain amount of very us the Europeans and the ordinary

ful exploratory work and drilling dent that concrete can consider- ably improve its manufacture and carried out by the Public Works store and office buildings required ean now design it to stand 40 tons Department and we were able to for a job like this. We are also per square foot. That means that get a rough idea of where we might carrying out anti-malarial work the, section of the dam instead of find the wock down below; and it end we have been favoured with being wide and costly like the we could find rock at an economic Jackson who are giving us full ad seemed reasonable to suppose that the help of Dr. Wellington and Dr. gravity dam

can be considerably depth and therefore we have adopt-vire and assistance in this import- reduced and therefore this dam is much

economical. But and tentatively the arch design. five of the rice fields which covered ant matter. We have now drained inore

You will understand that however spillway in this type of dam, es that whether we finally choose the that area and which were prolific pecially in one which is so high as

breeding places for mosquitoes. Shing Mun dam, cannot be easily arch or not depends entirely upon incorporated for the reason that what we actually find down below. Incidentally I might say that we water flowing practically vertical Drilling is now in progress day and have had in the past dealings with ly over this great height acquires right in an attempt to get this in a number of Governments in va a very considerable momentum at formation, which is so vital, asrious countries, but I have never the bottom which would be suf- quickly as possible.

known anyone work so, quickly, as the officials in this place, because cient in some cases to erode the foundations on which it is built,

three days after I told them that I mentioned how difficult it was

we wanted to resume the ricefields. Arch dams are very difficult to for a spillway to be incorporated we are also building a hospital to we were actually at work on them. design because we do not know in an arch dam. Most of you know deal with nccidents which are al exactly how they behave under the Shing Mun river has a very most inevitable on jobs of this kind varying stresses due to varying small flow in the dry weather when and for ordinary sickness which water lead and changes of term it is almost a mere dribble, and has to be looked after before the perature.

that in the rainy season there is a

"

If a Cloudburst Occurs.

So much money. has been, and very considerable flow. If a cloud Patient can be sent to a bigger hos

pital. The Police have been very will be inverted into dams for burat occurs at a time when the re-kind to us also and we are building water supply, hydro-electric and servoir is full, the water, if uncon- irrigation purposes that a group the dam and do the damage that any unruly coolies, we may have

trolled, would flow over the top of Police Station there to look after of interested people got together some 7 or 8 years ago and financed I have referred to just now and to the construction of the Stevenson Prevent this the abutments have Creek dam, an experimental dam that the over flow water in the case been designed to act as spillway so in America The site was chosen of this dam will flow over the two where the river fell steeply and sides of the dam and not in the also in such a place so that when middle. the dam broke up it would do no damage to the country balow. The

4.

When Construction Starts.

starts, the first thing to do is to When construction actually excavate for the foundation of the dam and when this has to be made across a river some provision must of course be made for the water' You may be interested to know which would flow into the hole thus top 00 feet of this dam wasbuilt that with regard to the drilling made. In the case of very wide only two feet thick, and in its up that in two holes drilled in the rivers we often have to build a stream and the downstream sides river bed to a depth of about coffer dam, enclosing, say, one steel plugs were incorporated in feet we have found what appears to third of the width of the river at the concrete and instruments were be sand at a depth of 25 feet. In time, pumping, the water out and set up so that the behaviour of the tannot be certain whether it is in building, the first part of the dam plugs in the dam could be observ fact sand or whether it is eft de inside that coffer dam leaving holes ed as the water rose on the inside. composed granite, but of course we through it in order that later or Day by day, while the water slowly shall have to get below this.

the water may be diverted through

rises these -observations

that

were Turning to the construction aide these holes so that the rest of the taken. The water finally got to of the work it is necessary to plan dam can be built. the top of the dam and quite cotit carefully beforehand because the trary to what everyone expected cost of the work and progress de round the dam and to divert the Another way is to drive tunnels the dam did not break. However, ponds on the construction, methods water through the tunnel so t the dam Hid bond. The water doyoda the building correction on dam máy Stresi 16 m at the middle and crets dam the first thing you have be carried out in the dry. But in pressed it outward at the sides, tor tool for is the stone with winch the case of the Shing: Mun river and it created quite a new idea on to built it and therefore we have itself, the width. and character arch, dams.

to find a suitable place for a quer make it more convenient to build Full advantage of this experi ry. In Bhing Munthors i 20. fuma, which is a wooden trough ~inent," together with the aborate stone within a reasonable distance

mathematical calculations onde at a fevel plove the dam The you carrying the water across the foun- Based on the behaviour of this son why we like it above the dam ik

dation. dam, in designing the partigulse because it is easier and much mor kind of arch proposed for Shingosonomical to lake heavy

lownhill than to pull

Mun

The most important part of a -dam is that part which nobody (Continued on Page 11.)

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