1929-12-17 — Page 3

THE HONG KONG DAILY PRESS, TUESDAY, DECEMBER 17, 1929.

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HOW HABITS ARE WIRELESS WITHOUT

FORMED.

AERIAL.

EXPERIMENTS WITH DOGS. CAPTAIN ECKERSLEY ON

THE DINNER BELL REFLEX.

Some very interesting experi ments made on animals to discover what reflex action could be expect ed from a stimulus repeatedly ap- plied were described-by-Professor Winifred Cullis last month when she lectured to the Parents Asso- ciation on howhabits are formed.

ITS FUTURE.

THE BRITISH REGIONAL SCHEME.

In a racy address to a" large audience in Lewis's Hall, Manches- ter, last month, Captain P. P. Eckersley, who was formerly-as sociated with the,, British Broad- casting Company, spoke on recent developments in wireless

At the outset he remarked, that since retirement from the high and miglity and autocratic organisa tion the B.B.O. he found himself perhaps even more interested in

She said it had long been obvious that reflex actions must be the basis of habit, and she draft first with such instinctive reflex actions as that of the eye shutting when threatened with injury. Everyone knew what would be the reflexception than he had been in trans. mission. He wanted to see how action of the muscles to ordinary people were really getting recep stimuli. But for the purpose of con-

tion to find out what were the pro- sidering how one could influence tiems of reception in their homes. the formation of habits it was use. ful to study the work the great With regard to the service area physiologist Professor Pavlov had problems, it should be remembered been doing for 25 years, and the that there was a distinct limit to results of what he called condition- the service area, which was deter. ed reflexes. He had experimented mined by nothing less than the with animals, applying to them a power of the transmitter. It was certain stimulus without being sure not a question of the sensitivity of what reflex action would result. the receiver. The receiver might be enormously sensitive and yet be more or less at the mercy of back- ground noises. An important ques- tion in broadcasting was how far did the influence of the station ex- tend so as to overcome the back. ground noise. He thought it was only worth while listening-in to a station when they were listening in- side the service area of that sta tion when they could get the pro- gramme and nothing but the pro- gramme. Anything beyond what could be received well might in a sense be interesting but it was not. wireles

Some of the results were astonish. ing. For instance, knowing that dogs were extremely sensitive to Bound and able to detect the pitch of a note much more necurately than we can, he taught his dogs to expect food to be given to. them when a certain note was sounded. After doing this a few times he found that when they heard that note they secreted saliva, while the gound of a note of a slightly dif ferent pitch produced no such re- sult. Pursuing his experiments, he taught the dogs to expect food ten minutes after the note was sound- ed. and he presently found that the secretion of saliva did not begin till the ten minutes were up. This was an instance of quite uncon- scious self-control: The note would suggest food, but habit postponed the secretion until the food arriv-

ed.."

Dogs Who Worry Over LessoZA. The Professor found that animals were very bad at distinguishing colour, but he would make them distinguish between the shapes of abserved, however, that when he Santigo. The Chilean Govern- and of a narrow oval. He 21 tried to make then discriminate between a circle and an oval that too closely approximated to it in shape the effort to do so worried them so much that some of the animals became almost maniacal. One animal took six months to re- cover from the test, and when he was again subjected to it the trouble began again.

BY MAIL, WIRE, AND lic priest, has been ment hus awarded to Trimotor

WIRELESS.

found guilty by a Court at Kovno | Safety Airways Incorporated, .. murdering #4 woman named United States company subsidiary Ustijinauskiene, and has been sen- to the Pan-American Grace Air tenced to eight years' hard labour. ways, the contract for carrying mail between Santiago and Sew Kingadon. Mr. JainesA, Richard-

York. son, a member of the Board of Governors for some years, has been Paris-Remains of a prehistoric installed as Chancellor of Queen's station have beep discovered on the University, Kingston, Ontario, in shures of Lake Ledro, in the Tren-accession to Sir Robert Borden. tinë.

Berlin-A telephone service he tween Berlin and Leningrad has Been opened.

Curfu-Kalaphacis, once a netos. jus Greek brigand, who, arter having his death sentence commu- ed, murdered a fellow-prisoner in gaol, was executed at Corin as his Athens.-A. Bill is to be laid be-appeals for mercy which had just Warsaw. The 91st session of the fare the Greek Parliament to proponed us deals for our years had International Railway Time-Table hibit the publication of stories all mailed. Conference has just concluded about brigands, as these are sup Warsaw.

posed to have a deleterious effect

Loudon. Following the appoint

act us Principal Assistant Secretary in charge of the Mercantile Marine Department of the Board of Trade, 31. W. G. Hynard, C.B.E., has been appointed to act us Director of Sea Transport. '

Budapest-Prof. Baron Koranyi on boys, and to damage the reputa-meat, of Mr. L. J. seley, C.D., 10 opened the Congress of the Inter-ton of the country alrond. national Hydrological Society in

Paris-Adiniral Horthy, the Re- Budapest.

gent of Hungary, has ordered the Buenos Aires.-The River Cru-uashing of the criminal proceed. begun several years agu guay flood has interrupted train ga services between Buenos Aires and against the Socialist siders Buch- inger and Weltner, who fled from Asuncion.

Hungary after the falt of Beln Kun

"Gillingham.-Mr. and Mrs. Gro. Hearne, of Wigmore, near Gilling- han. Kent, have celebrated their diamond wedding.

Having shown how habits could be artificially developed in animals and suggested that children were very sensitive to outside stimulus, Pro-

More Stations Needed,

He thought that if the people were asked what they would do in broadcasting for a country like Great Britain they would favour the idea of providing a lot of sta- tions. It was much better to have clot of smallpower stations than a few high-power ones, but here again we were up against a diffi- culty, for we had not only our own problem to consider. Broadcasting was an international problem. It was a fact that a station in Rome could interfere with a station in- Manchester. That being the posi tion, international agreements had bad to be made, because there was only a limited number of spaces available for all the broadcasting stations of Europe. People were pushing at the doors wanting to came in, but the cry was "House full in the European ether." After four long tortuous years of effort an international union had been formed in which 28 nations were "represented, and he thought that; considering all the circumstances, was an achievement on which we in Europe could congratulate our solves. The United States had not been able to make such an arrange ment; their broadcasting was in

much worse state than ours.

A Regional Scheme. But, said Captain Eckersley, in Europe every nation had got to limit the number of its stations, and we in Britain had only got

fessor Cullis said that parents should aim at forming a decently stable path in the child's nervous system. The parents' job was terrible difficult, and they could manage it best perhaps by not thinking of it too much. One thing she had noticed working badly in the training of children was the in- Hanford.A colision took place Parents were only human, and like consistency of the grown-up people.. at tanlord, near Stoke-on-Trent, other human beings they would be between a motor-lorry carrying bur- amused one day by something that Lrels of methylated spirite and un-

other furry aden with sacks of might irritate them the next, but that inconsistency might undo their

ten wave-lengths with which to do four. Both vehicles were severely careful training just as a sudden

broadcasting. Consequently what damaged. The drivers escaped un

change in the stimulus applied to

was now going to be done in this injured.

the Professor's animals undid for a

country was to carry out a region- Toronto. At Toronto the Ameri-long time the work he had done.

al scheme, based upon a few sta- ean Federation of Labour Coagress

Teaching Self-Control.

tions of high power, in which claring it unanimously adopted a report de- It was pretty obvious that for the everyone would be brought within good faith to the world that the

essential as evidence of development of physical habits the the service area. There was no same action must be often repeat other scheme like it in the world. American people shall, at least fored and without too much distric. It would cover 933 per cent of the the present, refrain from warlike tion. At the present time Professor population of the British Isles, and preparations in the enactment of Culis noticed that all sorts of dis-would give 85 per cent of the po legislation."

tractions were allowed in nurseries,pulation the service of an alterna where habits ought to be in process tive programme. Over every part Sydney.-1,000 timber workers have applied to, the leading yards of formation. Another point emerg sinckness of trade only ten have justification for advocating a con- for employment, but owing thing from the experiments quoted of the British Isles there would be was that there was physiological the simultaneous evistence of two programmes, and by merely turn- been engaged. Mr. Theodore, one siderable

amount of self-control. ing a dial the listener would be of the Labour leaders, has seen Some people thought that any check able to get either one programme owners and miners with a view to

A site had been or the other, оп a child's own activities was a settlement of the New South hard, and that its investigating teu found in the Pennines for asta- Wales coal dispute..

dencies should be allowed fuil play, tion, which would be ready in But while repression was bad a about a year, and from which good physiological plea could be Manchester would get its alterna made for inhibition.

tive programmc.

Highgate.-Dr. Margaret Tyler, of Highgate and Welbeck Street, W., is collecting signatures Moscow.-Baranoff, a Soviet nir- for a petition to the Home Secre- man. has flown across the Pamir.tary asking for the release from This is the first time that the range prison of David Greenwood, an ex- has been crossed by air.

soldier who is serving a life sentence for the murder of Nellie Trew, a "Paris-An organized hunger-year-old girl who was found dead strike has been begut by Como Eltham Common in February, munist prisoners in a number of 1918. prisoners throughout Hungary.

Bonn-On the third day of the Forbach.-Twenty cases of ty sale of the Schaumburg collection phoid have occurred at Forbach, in

at Boun, high prices were paid for Lorraine. The annual fair has been Renaissance, baroque, and Empire stopped by the Prefect of Moselle.

Jarufture.

The Japanese silver Hertford on August. 21, 1907. ad- William I. to his son and daughter Hertford.-A letter posted in wie strvice given by the Emperor dressed to Miss Milsom, of Bricken-in-law at the time of their silver donbury, Hertfordshire, has just wedding in 1583 has been sold to

na English bidder for £350.

Sofia.-Vassilieff, secretary of the National Committee of the Mace

onian Emigrants, whose brother recently murdered the Prologuerof-

been delivered.

Berlin. The Graf Zeppelin has returned to Friedrichshafen after a tour over Holland, in the course

and Rotterdam.

Mons. A strike has started in

of which she flew over Amsterdamist leader Bajaroff, was mortally the collieries of the Mons basin in wounded he was returning from Belgium, and is expected to affect Bucharest.M. Zaleski, the Polish harvesting. The Mihailoffist re- the whale urea. The loaders want Foreign Minister, has left Warsaw volutionary leader Avramoff., who more pay and the hewers at the for Bucharest, to return the visit

was accompanying Vassilief, is also coal face have struck because the paid to Poland by the Rumanian reported to have been killed. Foreign Minister.

Adelaide.--A dinner was given in

Adelaide in bonour of Sir Langdon Bonython's 40 years' service as pre-

Hyderabad. The Hyderabad State, Budget, which has been

approved by the Nizam, provides for the allocation of the surplus of

owners asked them to load the coal they had themselves been getting until the dispute had been adjusted.

Televi-

"The people who help us most Speaking of the future, he pro- in developing our habits are our phesied the abolition of the serial, contemporaries," she said. That and said that listeners would get is why an only child should not be many more programmes. always with grown-ups, but should sion would come, but in his opin- mix largely with other children of ion, not yet, as at present quaati- its own age, who will teach it the tative conditions were enormously self-control that gives people the against it. As to wireless, it was their capacities as nothing else can. power of preserving and developing going to bring the nations of the world together, and people would Everyone has to learn self-learn that the killing of one LA- the purchase of the State railway skull, and the, find has been re control, and if it is not taught in St. Nazaire-Two hundred and in 1934, to industrial reserve for the ported to the coroner? The skull the home it will be taught later, other because, foolish politicians do twenty members of the crew of the encouragement of industries, to the is that of a fully-grown person, and and sometimes brutally in the world idiotic way of settling

not agree was, to say the least, an French liner, Cuba went on strike building of Osmania University and according to Dr. C. J. R. Mac- outside. at St. Nazaire as the vessel was Secretariat, and various other pur- Fadden, police divisional surgeon, preparing to sail for Colon.

Hampstead. Workmen building a wall in a garden at College Cres

sident of the Adelaide School of 418 lakhs (£9,785,000) in reserve for rent, Hampstead, dug up a human do.

Mines and Industries.

Paria.-M. Daumergue, President

роксе.

of the French Republic, and M.Frederick Edwards, 25. labouret of inbourer, no fixed home, Henry

affairs.

world

"One way in which children it has been in the ground for a develop habits is by imitation, and London.--William Randall, 20, long time.

that puts another terrible respon- sibility an parents. In fact if that unless the skin were frequent- Brussels, Louise Masere, the parenta would have perfect children ly washed the body would be in- Brian Prime Minister, have ro- turned to Paris after their visit Westminster Bridge Road, and Ed Belgian sculptor, has died in Brus. they themselves must be perfect jured by the poison discharged from

ward Callaagher, 22. steward, ofsels. His recent works included people." Among the

personal the sweat glands, and headacher to the King and Queen of the Bel-Keanington Road, S.E., were charg busts of the Duchess of Brabant habits to be taught was cleanliness, would result. She said that sweat gians,

el at Bow Street Police Court with and Sir George Grahame, the for children were not naturally very did not contain poison, and anyway Paria.-M. Laurent-Eynac, the being concerned in breaking and former British Ambassador to Bel- clean. They, should be taught that she did not see how it could choke French Air Minister has left Paris entering the Moscow-Naroday Bank,gium and now Ambassador to cleanliness was a social virtue. At the sweat glands. Look at the for Morocco, where he will inspect at Lincoln House, and the offices Spain. He was engaged at the this point Professor Cullis made an grubby little children playing in the fir. Brits. He will visit Rabat,af Megaro Wills Ltd in the name time of his death on an equestrian amusing digression. She protested streets," she said. "They pre per-

wmmitted for Autor of Sturen BUT

gainat the section zu often toeath healthy collates do not-f sioned by the Bolivian Government. * (Conținued at foot of next column), headaches."

asananca,

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