1928-08-29 — Page 2

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THE HONG KONG DAILY PRESS, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29th, 1928.

THE CRADLE OF MODERN MAN.

CLAIMS OF THE KENYA DISTRICT.

AN EXPEDITION AND ITS FINDS.

The East African Archæological Expedition during the season 1926-27 made discoveries in the Nakuru-Elmenteita district of Kenya Colony which opened up a series of new and important problems, and at the same time threl ight on one at least of the great questions that have long puzzled Prehistorians, An Expedition which left England on August '1st for a new season's work, was made, possible by the help of the Royal Society, and the Percy Sladen Trust Fund. In the following article its leader, Mr. Leakey, describes it, achievements and hopes.

It is well known that Europe was occupied just before and daring the greater part of the last Ice Age (the Warm glaciation) by men of the. Neanderthal race; men with long law beads, beetling brows, and huge apelike, jaws, who were so

distinct from even the most primi

HONG KONG STOCK EXCHANGE.

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AK. Bank

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appearance, one branch of the com man stock had already moved south into Equatorial Africa by the be- ginging of the Last Plurial period; and it seems much more likely that they should bare done so if the home of origin was in the Sahara than if they had come from Asia Ka K. Waar.....31334 buy.

tive of living aces that they are vid Suez. The discovery of an classed as a separate species of the Aurigmcian (Capsian) culture in genus Home, namely Homo nean Palestine must in this case be ex- derthalensis Then, during the plained by the migration of a third closing phases of the Würm glacia-group from the Sahara eid Egypt sion, Southern Europe (especially France and Spain) was invaded by

race of hunter-artists known Broadly as the Aurignacians. These Aurignacians, though primitive, possessed all the characters of modern man, and are therefore grouped with the living races in the species Homo sapiens.

+

cazte

and Suez, probably at a date as early as, or earlier than, the migra tion into East Africa.

[/

Bushman Paintings.

|

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The discovery in East Africa of an Aurignacion type of culture of an early date throws light upon an- other problem-namely, that of the similarity between many of the so- called Bushman paintings of Africa into and those of the Aurignacian HK, Electrics (old)

period in Europe. In the past it has been a common practice to label all cave paintings found in Africa south of the Bahara-and even sometimes north of it-as C Bushman," and to look upon them as clear evidence that the Bushmen were once all over Africa. Actually those paintings in South Africa which can with certainty be

It is generally accepted that the first hunter-artista Europe from North Africa, for their culture, characterized by several very typical tools, is found there in deposits considered earlier than the earliest in which their tools occur in Europe. When found in North Africa this culture is Of

known

as Lower Capsian. course, ere section of the Capaians remained in North Africa and

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developed there contemporaneously attributed to the Bushmen are not United Aaboston ***

with the development of the Aurignacian culture in Europe, but

there is little reason to suppose that the culture originated in either of these areas. There arc two

main theories as to the place from which the Capsians came into North Africa. One-and this is the theory of those who believe Homo sapiens evolved in Asia-is that they reach ed the Southern Mediterranean shore by way of the Isthmus of Suez, and spread westward before crossing over into Southern Europe. The other theory is that the Capsian folk came from somewhere in that vast region which is now Known as the Sahara Desert..

to the Many of

stylistically very similar early Aurignacian art. the cave paintings in Africa, bow ever, certainly have a close resem blante in style to Aurignacian art, and it now seerps more than likely that they were the work of this southern group of Capsio-Aurigna- { cian people.

Human remains found at Elmen teita. belong almost certainly to the Last Pluvial period. They are at present being studied, and, though

statement can be made concern- ing their racial affinities, they in no way resemble the modern negro population of East Africa, but they have certain definite resemblances to the Combe Capelle skull, which belongs to the Lower Aurignacias culture in France.

A Temperate Sabara. Those who hold the latter view One very important problem i postulate that the Sahara had opened up by the discovery of the temperate climate and adéquate Elmenteita culture in deposits of rainfall during the glacial phases the Last Fluvial. Associated with of Europe, and that a gradual it was pottery in large quantities. desiccation set in with the final Hitherto pottery has been regarded retreat of the ice sheet in North | as one of the criteria, of the Europe. It is suggested that dur Neolithic, or New Stone Age, cul- ing the rise and maximum of the ture, wihch does not make its ap- Würm glaciation'a race of men of pearance in Europe until long primitive lomo sapiens type-after the close of the Pleistocene, possibly directly evolved from a human type allied to Rhodesian man-were living in the Bahara with a culture consisting of an early form of that known as Lower North Africa and Capsian in Aurignacian in Europe. Then, as the Sahara began to dry up after the retreat of the ice in Europe, these early inhabitanta were forced to migrate, and so took their cul- ture up to the North African littoral, while some even pushed on into Europe. If this theory "is cor- rect, it seems more than likely that some branch or branches of the original stock must have moved south-easterly, taking with them a very similar culture, at a date as early, as, if not earlier than, the northward migration.

Its presence with the Elmenteita culture is therefore disturbing, and will be taken by some as proof that the dating of the Last Pluvial as Pleistocene is erroneous. "

The East African Archeological Expedition will search for fresh evidence in this connection. Last season numerous animal remains were obtained from the deposits ben longing to the Last Pluvial, but most of them were so fragmentary as to be of little use for classifica tion purposes and the remainder have not yet been worked out. There is, however, one piece of in- depndent evidence which mean- while gives strong backing to the contention that the Last Pluvial was of Pleistocene date.

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Nakuru Culture. Besides cultures which are older than the Last Pluvial period, three were found which are later in date. Perhaps the most important was the Nakuru culture, which was associated with a well-preserved In 1913 Dr. Hans Reck discover- | skeleton. A provisional date of There is increasing evidence to ed a human skeleton in situ in about 2000 B.C. can be fixed for show that East Africa has had a fossil beds belonging to the Pluvial this culture, which consists of series of pluvial and inter-pulvial period at Oldoway, in Tanganyika rather ozude microlithic tools, well- periods in Pleistocene times; and Territory, about 150 miles to the made bowls of stone, pestles, mor- it is thought that the Last Pluvial south of Elmenteita. This Oldoway tars, and grinding-stones, all aug period was contemporary with the skull bears a marked resemblance gesting agriculture. Pottery is of Würm glaciation of Europe. At to one of the Elmenteita skulls course present. The most remark any rate, this Last Pluvial dates from a deposit of the Last Pluvial. able fred in this culture was that back a long way, se after its de- The fossils from Oldoway are now of two beads, one of faïence and the cline there was a long period of being worked out, and it is found other of agate, of types which seem desiccation, which in turn was that over 50 per cent. represent to suggest some contact with one of followed by a wet period, when extinct fauna and the deposit is the early civilizations of the period, the rainfall was much greater than certainly Pleistocene,

either Egypt of Mesopotamia. The to-day but insufficient to deserve In addition to the Elmenteita people of the Nakuru culture lived, -the-name-of-a-pluvial. The wet culture which has bere been dis-in-enclosureg-built-of-stone-with- period in turn gradually gave cussed briefly, other important out mortar, and seem to be same- place to present-day conditions. It finds were made during the season how associated with what appear is not yet possible to assert that 1996-17 and will be further into be graded roads and other the glaciations of Europe were investigated during the coming sea evidence of civilization. Tempting any, way the cause of the plavial son. Two cultures were found in theories spring to mind, such as the periods of East Africa, although deposits older than the Last Pluvial possibility that traders from one of there is some reason to believe that period, one of which was associated the early civilizations came down they were; but, at any rate, as both with fragmentary human remains in search of gold or tin or copper, wore Pleistocene phenomena, they of a primitive character. These and used the local · Stone Age must have been roughly contem- have not yet been studied, as it population as labourers, and that porary, s

is hoped that remains of a less the latter thereby acquired a few During the season 1926-27. a cul- fragmentary nature will be found beads and the knowledge of agricul-

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ture was discovered in the Elmen- this season, but there is reason to ture as well as The French Store

teita district of Kenya Colony which very closely resembles the Capsian and Aurígaging cultures. was found it in deposits which unquestionably belong to the Last Pluvial period. Thus, to all

believe that they represent a very ing stone enclosures The whole primitive form of Homo sapiens. problem is another of those the Should, tbie proze to be the case Expedition will attempt to solve they would be the earliest Home this year, and discoverica of great sapiens yet discovered.

interest may confidently be ex pected. The Times.

(Continued on next Column),

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