1927-03-24 — Page 7

KUOMINTANG GENERAL ISSUES MANI-

FESTO AT SHANGHAI.

AN AMERICAN'S VIEWS.

LANDING OF US, MARINES FULLY-JUSTIFIED."

SHANGHAI'S FUTURE.

BRITISH JOURNAL'S SUGGESTION.

PICKETS AND SOLDIERS CLASH AT CHAPEL. SEVERAL PICKETS KILLED AND WOUNDED.

CHAPEI STILL CHAOTIC.

MESSRS, SUN FO, T. V. SOONG AND EUGENE

CHEN GOING TO SHANGHAI. ·

Though one of the telegrams received yesterday refers to Shanghai's native quarters as baing "quieter," it is evident that they are still very much perturbed. Most of the Shantung troops who had taken up a position in Chapei were eventually defeated by Southerners and disarmed. Many of them were permitted to pass into the Settlement.

According to a Chinese report the pickets and the Southern troops have collided. Details are not given, but it is stated that seven pickets were killed and eight wounded.

Tao Manchester Guardian suggests that negotiations should. be taken out of the hands of the Municipal Council and put in charge of the Foreign Offices of the Governments concerned.

London newspapers, commenting on the situation at Shanghai, eulogise the British Government for their loresight in sending the Defence Force.

The Chinese report that Nanking has fallen into the hands of the Southerners is still a matter of doubt.

Mr. Silas Strawn, the American member of the Chinese Extraterritoriality Commission, declares that the. United States Government was "absolutely justified" in landing marines at Shanghai Settlement, where he added) there is G.$70,000,000 worth of American property."

It is reported that Messrs. Sun Fo, T. V. Soong, and Engene Chen' are shortly proceeding from Hankow to Shanghai,

STRIKING MANIFESTO.

ISSUED BY KUOMINTANG

- GENERAL

TAROCON REUTER'S AŬENCY.]

SHANGHAI, March 23rd.

SHANGHAI'S STRIKE. ·

A

THE HONG KONG DAILY PRESS, THURSDAY, MARCH 24th, 1927.

(THROUGH REUTER'S AGENCY.)

SHANGHAI, March 23rd. The strike situation is much the same. 160,000 persons are out. The Customs Chinese employees struck This, combined with the Post Office to-day as the result of intinuation strike, has caused a temporary com- mercial eclipse in Shanghai

ON SHANG. HAI'S CRISIS. (THROUGH LEUTRE'S AGENCY.)

"SHANGHAI, March, 23rd.

Pai Ching Hei, who is command- ing the Southerners in Shanghai and who is also Chiang Kai Shek's Chief of Staff, in a manifeste addressed to the Chinese people, states, inter afia: For 50 years the Imperialists, THE "TIMES under the protection, of unequal treaties, have reduced China to vassalage. After the Revolution, of 1911, the Imperialists continually supplied the "Chinese imperialists with rides and guns with which they waged war during the past 15 years. On the one hand, foreign Imperial ists checked the development of Chinese education and industries, and on the other secured for them selves special privileges. But the Chinese have now awakened and Shangbai, the greatest commercial centre of the Far East; would become not only a strong base for Chinese Nationalism but for World Revola tion. The people must distinguish; however, between attacking Ira perialism and foreigners, and must not insult foreigners or destroy their property. He urges arbitration to avoid strikes and also deprecates the exorbitant demands of workers, which resuls in the closing of the factories altogether.

FOREIGN AUTHORITIES AND GENERAL PAI CHING SHI.

(THROUGH REUTER'S AGENCY.]

SHANGHAI, March 23rd.

Headed Chacs in Shanghai," the Times, in a leader, says that the turning point in Shanghai has come in a manner that Ear more than justities the dispatch of the Delence Force by Britain. What is happening now in Shanghai must in- evitably arouse the greatest anxiety. The only firm centre in the present chaos is the International Municipal Council, which is only able to main- tain any authority because of the presence of the British Defence Force, which, at last, is supported by other foreign forces. Nobody can know the end, but it is certain that the present crisis in Shanghai is only the initial stage of a pro tracted Chinese and International crisis, in which many factors are still hardly calculable. The great majority of the British nation is cer tainly thankful that in this crisis the right thing has been done and, amid the anarchy and bloodshed of Shanghai, the Defence Force stands for stability and a profcend British sense of great responsibilities.

Up till noon to-day the foreign authorities had not been able to get LABOUR PARTY'S COUNSEL

in touch with Pai Ching Shi, But expect to soon, as he has taken up his quarters within a few yards of the French border. He is a moder- ate Nationalist and a close friend of General Chiang Kai Shek. He; is believed to be very aati" Red " and much opposed to extremism of any kind. So, however, are the Nationalist moderates of Bankow. It remains to be seen whether he will succeed in controlling the "Left Wingers," where the former has failed. Moreover, the temptation to use the terrorist methods, which the "Reds" favour is almost irresistible, so effective and successful have they hitherto proved in Shanghai and up the Yangtze,

་

KUOMINTANG OFFICIALS

FOR SHANGHAI, MESSRS, SUN FO, T. V. SOONG AND EUGENE CHEN

[CHINESE PRESA SERVICE]

TROUNCED.

[TREOUGH REUTER'S AGENCY.]

LONDON, March 23rd.

*THE FUTURE OF

SHANGHAI.**

A BRITISH JOURNAL'S SUGGESTION,

[THROUGH REUTER'S AGENOT. Į མ་

EXCITING INCIDENT NEAR THE POST OFFICE STRIKE

SHANGHAI NEWSPAPER'S

SHANGHAI.

COMMENT..

PROMINENT FOREIGNERS "HELD UP."

(THROUGH REUTER'S AGENCY.)

MENACING CROWDS.

[TUROUGE REUTER'S AGENCY.]

SHANGHAI, March 22nd

[NAYAR WIRELESS.] -

Situation Quister at Shanghai.

SHANGHAI, March 23rd. The situation is generally quieter this morning.

BRITISH GLOVES,

STATEMENT BY BOARD OF TRADE PRESIDENT.

(THROUGH REUTERAGENCY.]

LONDON, March 2nd,

General Pei Chiung Hsi, com- manding the Cantonese forces, is at Lunghus. Your miles from the In the House of Commons, Sir French Concession. He ha aly Philips Cunlife Lister, President ior of the Board of Trade, stated that the production of leather gloves in the last quarter of 1980, following the imposition of the Import duty under the safeguarding of Indus- tries Act, was nearly 30 por ceat. greater than in the last quarter of 19. The figures were ap proximately 132,000 dozen pairs against 109,000 dozen. The output of fabric gloves in the last quarter of 1920 likewise oxceeded that of the last quarter of 1925 by more than one-third

The Strike.

SHANGHAI, March 22nd. It is stated that the general strike will continue for three days in celebration of the Southern victory.

LONDON. March 23rd. The Manchester Guardian, roler-

The Post Office strike is becom9,500 troops at present, Th ring editorially to the future of

ing a serious affair, all inter-eign authorities are endeav ing Shanghai, suggests that negotiations

national mail matter being held pr.

to get into touch with him to-day. should be taken out of the hands

The Chapei district is compare of the Municipal Council and put in

As the North China Daily News tively quieter, but there is still charge of the Foreign Offices of the

SHANGHAI, March 23rd. remarks in an editorial comment much lawlessness, Governments concerned. The pre-

Viscount Cort, the British Con- this morning: "That it should be acat moment was particularly op-bul-General (Sir Sidney Barton), possible for such an institution to portune for doing so, because the moderate Cantonese, led by Chiang Lieut. Col Heywood and Major be completely paralysed twice in Kai Shek, would probably be ready Hilton Johnson all narrowly escap- the short space of one month would to come to terms more favourable ed capture by the Southerners last be unbelievable if it were not only to foreign rights than were admitted evening when they were engaged on under the Hankow Agreement.

too true." The newspaper con. diplomatic missichs in the nativa tinues: "It is a matter that affects city.

not only local postal officials, the Visccunt Cort and Sir Sidney striking postal workers and the un- arranging for the fortunate houses and individuals evacuation of Be children in these mails have been held up in Anglo-French Convent in Chapel when they were seized by a Can- definitely, but the whole fabric of tonese detachment, which only re- the international postal system.

Chinese fired from houses with It leased them after Sir Sidney Bari fagrant violation of the Inter-Punjabis and three of an armoured- automatic guns, wounding two ton had established his identity.

MR. ŞILAS STRAWN'S VIEWS

ON THE SITUATION. LANDING OF U:8. MARINES AT SHANGHAI "FULLY

JUSTIFIED,"

[THROUGH AMERICAN SERVICE]

NIW YORK, March 23rd. Mr. Silas Strawn, the American member of the Chinese Extraterri- toriality Commission, is a speech, declared that the United States Government was absolutely justified in landing marines at Shanghai, where, no 9aid, there Was G.870,000,000 worth of American The Government were property.

fully cognisant of what was going oo in China and would faithfully

105a

protect the rights of American busi- Mr. Strawn predicted that even if the Chinese obtained, their present demands, they would be no better off but more than ever the slaves of the warlords.

GEN. PAK'S MANIFESTO.

[CHINESE FRASS SERVICE]

Barton were

British Bubjects Fired At

SHANGHAI, March 2nd. Twenty or thirty British in AMERICA AND MEXICO," Hongkew were heavily fred on and an armoured-car was also subjected. to beavy fire while axtricating & VIEWS AS TO THEIR PRESENT similar vehicle which had broken

down.

RELATIONS.

(THROUGH AMERICAN BERVICE.]

a open freund the were forced interview, expressed the opinion

to on mab. There were no Chinese casualties.

Lieut. Cal. Heywood and Major antional Postal Agreement which Hilton-Johnson were returning to all nations concerned regard as the Settlement after a consulation unbreakable as any international with the Cantonese Commander of the native city on the latter's sug- compact could be. That China has gestion, when they encountered a broken that agreement in a manner demonstration, by which they were that must be unprecedented any held up for an hour before being where, must constitute an ill an-

Post Office. gury, for the future of the Chinese

rescued...

General Staff Officer of the Shang- [Viscount Gort, V.C., is the Chief hai Defence Force.

Lieut. Col. T. G. G. Heywood is the Royal Artillery Officer attached to the Shanghai Defence Force.

the Commissioner General of the Major A. H. Hilton Johnson is Shanghai Municipality.]

A NARROW ESCAPE.

LATER.

QUESTIONS IN THE HOUSE

OF COMMONS.

(THROUGH REUTER'S AGENCY.)

Some have been lodged in the General Hospital, others relying on the hospitality of friends. The re they can. mainder have to find shelter where ing shortage of fish and meat in the There is already a grow Settlements.

!!

FLOCKING INTO SETTLE- MENT.

Steady Stream of Refugees.

SHANGHAI, March 2nd, Scenes recalling those in France" and Belgium during the war werd witnessed this afternoon in the populous suburbs adjoining the

LONDON, March 22nd. Replying to a question by Mr.disturbed area of Chapei. Ramsay MacDonald in the House of Commons, the Prime Minister de tailed the recent happenings in

He provoked loud laughter by stating that the Nation alists advance had been facilitated

WASHINGTON, March 23rd The Mexicna Ambassador, in an that there was no reason för anxiety- United States and Mexico in con- as to the relations between the

Smuggling Convention. sequence of the termination of the

Committee, viewed the termination Chairman of the Senate Judiciary On the contrary, Senator Norris,

of the Treaty as an invitation to revolution and gun-running Mexico and Senator Borah stated" that the Mexican people deem it an unfriendly act.

SIX OPERATIONS ON DEMPSEY.

10.

EX-CHAMPION'S ATTACK OF BLOOD POISONING..

FEARS FOR FUTURE.

Jack Dempsey's plan for a return fight with Gene Tunney will have date, as he is suffering from blood to be postponed until a distant poisoning in the left hand and arm, caused, apparently, by A slight scratch on the middle finger of the left hand.

The ex-champion, who was re-

From these suburbs cosmo- politan throng of refugees, includ- ing many British subjects and Japanese are flocking to the Settle- ment amid the crackle of snipers' with a steady stream of rickshas, bullets. The roads were crowded wheel-harrowe, motor cars and other by the fact that the Northern Com-vehicles, all heavily loaded with mander, General Pi Shou Chen,

hastily packed bags and bundles.

The Municipal authorities are alists and had been appointed Comfeet of motor trucks, which armour-cently operated upon for the sixth had made terms with the Nation- assisting the evacuation with mander of their 41st Army. The ed ears are escorting to safety from time in eighteen hours, is said to Premier assured the House that the the concentration point which has be responding successfully to treat

been established 1Lt the

Following the operation he Boys' ment. School.

had milk and dry toast for supper, Three hundred small Chinese and him for three daya.

this being the first food permitted

It was by the merest duke that Lieut.-Col, Heywood and Major Hilton-Johnson escaped with their SHANGHAI, March 23rd.

lives. General Pak bung Chi, shortly Fuller details were available after his arrival in Shanghai, issued to-day. Their mission was to get Shanghai. a public manifesta advising the into touch with a certain Cantonese, workers not to stir ap agitation and whom they had been assured was tumult which might provide mate- the accredited representative of tiais for the Imperialists"

to General Pei Chiung Hai, in order accuse the Nationalist authorities. to get him to accompany them to He also hoped that mediatory Chapel to assure such Shantung settle all problems arising between authority that General Pi Shou machinery would be set up scen to men, if any, as might have some labourers and capitalists.

Chen had surrendered..

The main object of their visit SHANTUNG TROOPS FINAL being to endeavour to stop or miti gate, if possible, what was going DEFEAT AT SHANGHAI, on at Chapel, Lieut.-Col. Heywood and Major Hilton-Tohasan got into (CHINZEE PRESS SERVICE} touch with their man, bat be re- fused to accompany them back, and it was in the course of the return journey that the real trouble began.

SHANGHAI, March 23rd.. The defeated Shantung troops still offered stubborn resistance at Chapei yesterday, the fighting with the Southerners lasting almost 2 hours until this morning. The Shan tung troops at last, surrendered. Over 1,000 were disarmed and rush. ed into the Foreign Settlements while the rest retreated northwards.

MASS MEETING AT SHANGHAI.

[CHINESE PRESS SERVICE]

SHANGHAI, March 23rd.

50,000 people, was held at Shanghai A mass meeting, comprising about on the 22nd inst. to welcome the Kuomintang Army.

PICKETS AND SOLDIERS COLLIDE AT CHAPEL. [CHINESE PRESS BERVICZ]

About a hundred armed workers

stopped the car, and then some men of the Nationalist plain clothes army, with black shirts and red sashes, came up and asked ques- tions.

||

situation was well in hand.

foreign children have been brought in from the French Convent in Chapel with the assistance of

Mr.. Ramsay MacDonald asked where the Punjabis were attacked when one of them was killed and said he believed that it was inside one wounded, and Mr. Baldwin | Northern, soldiers.

the cordon but outside the Settle ment.

Mr. Carro-Jones (Liberal) asked whether there had been

any diplomatic contact with the Can- tonese and, if not, whether Mr. Baldwin would attempt to establish"

t

chcial accompa, the crowd British Consul-General,wax in con-

wood

:

Large numbers of Chinese are joining in the general exodus which adds greatly to the strain which the arrival of refugees from up-river had already placed upon Shang hai's resources of accommodation.

"Utter Chaos."

SHANGHAI, March 22nd. Up to this morning the foreign Authorities had been unable to get into touch with General Pei Chiung Hi, the Commander of the Can-

Mr. Baldwin replied that the

stant touch.

Mr. Garro-Jones asked: With tonese forces. whom?"

The reason is that outside the

secure

and upper arm, and is now con

The infection has left the elbow fined to the wrist, which is awollen to twice its normal size.

well-known film actress, is constant- His wife, Estelle Taylor, the ly by his bedside. Reuter.

According to the Central News, Dempsey's friends express the opinion that he may never fight again.

It is now impossible to get out of the city after daybreak and the Efty British women and children and 150 other foreign women and children, who will be evacuated as soon as possible, have been recom- modated in the premises of the In- ternational Export Company on the

gunmen, front,

Crowd Swarm Over the Car. Although a prominent Chinese the English- men fully grew truculent, and swarmed over the car.

Some advised killing and others"elitting."

Lieut. Col. Heywood and Major Hilton-Johnson sat tight in the Mr. Baldwin replied:- In such Settlement boundary, with tens of the farmer in order that the mob to be in touch with whoever you armed Shantung soldiers and pro- car, the latter pressing hard against a kaleidoscopic situation you have thousands of refugees, numerous might not discover that Col. Hoy can."

criminals, Nationalist

An armed guard from the had revolver. Major

miscuous gunfire, the situation is Emerald Major H. E. Crawford (Liberal) still utterly chaotic.

was refused admission Hilton Johnson was unarmed. Had asked if there had been any threat

through the city gate last night. the mob known that Col. Heywood to the civil population, and Mr. Garro-Jones yesterday regarding is the one at the premises of the Mr. Baldwin's reply to Mr. The only British guard now ashore was armed, they would almost cer- Baldwin said that that depended on the kaleidoscopic situation is pecu International Export Company. tainly have shot him. "

what was meant by threat." Heliarly true. A big effort is being At one time it looked "all up," as added that the place was seething made to-day to

It is hoped that as many as pos rifies and revolvers were being with mobs which might get out of although it is impossible to guar- on board the as. Payong which is contact,ible of the foreigners will be put pointed at the party from all hund at any moment. directions, SCERE

antee the personal safety of anyone, due here from up river. -even Pressing against them. What finally saved

no matter whom, going out beyond Poyang will leave for Shanghai. them was the aforementioned pro-

the boundary. minent official's ability to convince another party of the Plain Clothes Army "who arrived on the scene 2,000 MARINES STANDING BY. what the mission was.

Even 50, before they were allowed to go, [REUTEK'S AMERICAN SERVICE.] Major Hilton-Johnson aigned (ot REPORTED OCCUPIED BY THE course, under duress), a statement WASHINGTON, March 22nd.

SOUTHERNERS.

that he was

BOTTY

be had in- troduced the British Army into visers are anxiously watching the President Coolidge and bis ad- Chinese territory without the Na tionalists

permission. The incident is typical of the risks that must be taken during the Present atmosphers by negotiators outside the Settlement confines.

SHANGHAI, March 23rd.

At Chapei to-day, a collision took place between Labour pickets and Southern soldiers, in which seven pickets were killed and eight were wounded.

NANKING CITY.

{CHINESE PRESS SERVICE]

The situation at Shanghai is again discussed by the Daily Telegraph which, after trouncing the Labour leaders for their paat attitude in

SHANGHAI, March gard. view of the actual atato. of affairs, At 10 o'clock on the morning of asks whether after such infatuated the 21st inst, the Southerners com- counsel they would trust Chen for pletely occupied Nanking, while all the protection of British subjects in Shantung troops there retreated to witheringly exposed by the course troops were first to arrive at Nan- Shanghai, who are even more Pukow, General Lu Teh Peng's of events.. The

newspaper asks | Zing. where Chen figures in the ghastly Doubt As To Nanking's "Fall." situation and what his position and General Chang Taung Chang left power is now that the Communist element has seized control of the Nanking for Huchow on the 2nd Nationalist Party and Government inst, but General Cha Ya Poic, the at Hankow. Referring to yester Tupan of Chihli, is despatching a day's events, the paper says the large number of Shantung troops to ed but rather honoured for their near Nanking The reported fall of British troops are not to be defend reinforce those now in the front action taken in meeting murderous Nanking is denied in certain reliable

violence.

H

PEKING POLITICIANS. IMPORTANT RESIGNATIONS.

[THROUGH REUTER'S, AGENCY:)

PERING, March 23rd.

quarters.

A

"

CHINESE TROOPS RUSH SETTLEMENT BARRIERS.

DURHAMS REPLY TO FIRE.

(THROUGH REUTER' AGENCY.]

SHANGHAI," March 23rd. Following the appearance of Nationalist regular troops, yester day afternoon, the Northerners rushed the Bettlement barriers at

POST FOR GENERAL FENG various points.

YU HSIANG.

[CHINESE PRESS SERVICE.]

SHANGHAI, March 23rd.' The Kuomintang. Central Execu- tive Committer at Hankow has tele graphed to Neu Yung Chien, the newly appointed Defence Commis sioner of Woosung and Shanghai, that the Political Commission has decided to schd Messrs. Sun Fo, T. V. Scong, and Eugene Chen to Shanghai to take up the diplomatie, financial and communication affairs, Huni has resigned the Vice-Chair-" ARGUS" FOR SHANGHAI. and has also appointed a number of manship of the Custom Burtox military officers, including Pak Song Committee and his Directorship of Chi and Neu Yung Chien, to form a the Liquidation of the Rungo-Asiatic branch of the Political Commission Bank. The Cabinet is urging them at Shanghai.

SHANGHAI, March 23rd... The Nationalist Government has Lo Wen Kan has resigned the appointed General Feng Yu Haiang posts of Minister of Justice and Director-General of the Revolution Tupan of the Shuiwuchu (Chinese) ary Forces in Heran. Tax Bureau) and Wang Chung!

to remain.

H.M.S. Argue, the plane carrier, which recently arrived in Eong Kong, was yesterday under orders to sail for the North

AMERICANS ANXIOUS.

..

situation in Shanghai.

There are indications that what ever steps they decide to take will be taken in close co-operation with Britain and France. It is general- ly conceded that the situation holds the danger of a serious incident developing, more momentous in its results than the Boxer Rising.

(NAVAL WIREL258.] General Chiang Kai Shak.

KIUKIANG, March 22nd. Marshal Chiang Kai Shek left here for down river on Sunday, probably for Anking.

Arrives At Anking.

SHANGHAI, March 23rd. General Chiang Kai Shek is re ported to have arrived at Anking the capital of Anhui, with his body. guard.

General Strike at Ningpo.

"NINGPO, March 22nd. A general strike is taking place here.

Noar Chinklang. CHINKING, March 22nd. The Southern troops are very

The American Commander-in-Chief despatch yesterday, described the close to Chinkiang: The Comman of the Asiatic Fleet, in an official situation as very tense," adding der of the Fort has issued a notice that a strike was impending and that no warshipa or merchant ves- that murderous attacks on loyal sels will be allowed to paas Silver Chinese were increasing.

Island between 7 p.m. and 0 a.co.

4༔

At Hankow, HANKOW, March 22nd. There is a general atmosphere of uneasiness and unrest ashore.

SHAGI, March 22nd. The general atmosphere ashore is

Marines has been received with

News of the landing of American certain amount of relief, as some feeling had been aroused by the publication of newspaper despat They were held in check by the trasting the "masterly inactivity" ches from Shanghai fronically con Durhamas, but opened fire to which of the American Marines aboard friendly. the British replied, inflicting con- their ships to siderable casualties, and repulsing efficiency of the British military the businesslike all attacks. Practically all the preparations Northerners have since given up their arms and have gained peace fül admission into the Settlement or else have capitulated to the Can- tonene.

There was intensive armoured-car

was again quiet. It is hoped that last evening, when the defence line the arrival of the Nationslist forces will help to quell the Chapei dis

Reuter learns that while there is

The

A proclamation has been issued by Marshal Chiang Kai Shek order- ing the safety of foreigners and the safety of their property.

#

Southerners Nearing Nanking,

NANKING, March 22nd. The Southern troops are close to Nanking, and gun and ride fire oc curred yesterday evening on the south side of the city.

children have now been evacuated. The majority of the women, and The evacuation of American women and children is proceeding.

Warcraft for Refugees.

SHANGHAI, March 23rd. The U.S. gunboat Isabel has gone, to Nanking from Hankow,

The evacuation of women and children from Nanking continues the refugees leaving for Shangha commodation on merchant vessels as fast as ao Others are taking refuge on board

becomes British and American warcraft un-..

available

til space becomes available. The Chinese are also evacuating Nan- king

It is reported that the Nation- alists are within a few miles of the walls of Nanking"

3,000 Troops Burrender to the Japanese. Foreigners to Evacuate Wahu,

BHANOBAI, March 23rd. Over five thousand Cantonese WURU, March 22nd.

trops Negotiations with regard to the Three thousand Shantung troops reached Shanghai to-day. no intention immediately of send collision between the 1x Kuture and surrendered to the Japanese on the ing reinforcements to China, 3,000 a military launch have been renew north-eastern border. The authori Marine are being held in readiness ed. The boat has been salved and ties are faced with the problem of patrolling through the Settlement sy beud aruisers at present the evacuation of foreign women swarming into the Settlement up at Quantico, Virginia, and will, if recoverd, twelve bodies being found. what to do with them and with the The situation remains quiet, but thousands of refugees who are still at Honolulu. It is emphasised that and children has been decided upon to noon to-day the foreign author with three scout at present American lives and property will be and is now taking place with the ties had been unable to get inter protected by all the Government's aid of E.M.B. Emerald.

(Continued on next column).

turbances.

resources.

touch with the Cantonese general, General Pei Chiung Hsi.