1924-01-31 — Page 2

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The search soon became, hat for him on the island, andere night, after having shaved off his heard, and being equipped with a false passport describirg A LEADER IN REVOLT PROPAGANDA,hum as & Finn, he made his way back to one of the suburbs of Petrograd A friendly locomotive engineer agreed p smuggle Lenin over the heavily guarded Finnish frontier in his engino Lenin boarded the locomotive wearing the grimy clothes of a Breman and sicked the engine until it had successfully passed through the control station at the frontier.

The following account of the career of the lato Nikolai Lenin, Premier of the Russian Soviet Government, is given in an American contemporary: ---

atoverend

Nikolai Lenis, lawyer, pamphleteer, and Anally dictator of all Russie was the organizer and chief exponent of the which became known as

On Nov. 8th, 1917, Lenim returned to Bolshevism, and wich he characterized as "the great experiment; the Dieta Petrograd. Trotzky and others leaders of the communiat faction of the Petrograd torship of the Proletariat."

The career of this short, plump, bald-Soviet had paved the way. The tottering hended little man, who turned Russia provisional government was powerless to topsy tarvy and probably as much in save itself. After 24 hours of almost skirmishing, during which, fluenced the other nations of the world bloodless as any other man of his century, was full theatres functioned as usual, while street of adventure from his boyhood. He was Kerensky had fed, the rest of the pro- fighting went on in the text block; a revolutionist, at school, at the academy, visional government were prisoners; the at his university, and ever afterwards.

city was completely in the hands of the Lenin's real name was Vladimir Soviets, and Nikoli Lenin sat smiling in Witch Ulianoff. He was born in April a little room at Smolny Institute, apply Bith, 1970, in the town of Simbirsk, ofing his signature to proclamations he had a bourgeois family with a pronounced drawn up long before, announcing the Tartar strain, reflected in Leain's high "Proletarian Revolution in Russia, and check bones and slightly slanting, cynical calling upon the proletarians of the world eyes. His father was responsible master to unite to assist them. at a communal school at Simbirsk and as very well known among the school teachers of his district. Lenin himself attended the high school at Simbirsk, end by a strange coincidence his prin cipal was the father of Alexander Kerensky, whom Lenin afterward over- threw to became Premer of Russia.

The spirit of revolution against the Czar entered into practically every Russian school in bose days, and Lenin, with some of his companions, is said to hare smuggled the works of Karl Marx un socialism into the school-and to havS read them with all the secret fear of discovery that American schoolboys have of being caught with a dime novel hidden bebind their geographies. M. Kerensky reported that Ledin was a very studious pupil, introspective in his thoughts and shy in his relations with his school-mates. When Lenin was 17 his eldest brother, Alexander Ulianoff, was sentenced to death and hanged for an attempt upon the life of Czar Alexander III., which was organized by a terroristic organiza tion of which he was a prominent mem-

ber!

AVENGES BROTHER.

Lenin himself never was a member of any terroristic organization, but a desire to avenge his brother's death is said to have rated his life. His active revolu tionary work began in the carly 80's, when he entered the University of Kazan, from which he was expelled one month later for participating in students' revolutionary movement. Then he moved to Petrograd, attended the university, and studied for a lawyer's degree.

Lenin's principal programme at the mo- ment was immediate peace with Ger many. With dynamic intolerance of even such important associates as Troizky, who opposed what they termed a disgracelul peace, Lenin pushed through his plan. The already existing fraternization be tween Russian and German soldiers at the front. was, urged on to tremendous! proportions, and after a few months of the Soviet regime, Russia had signed the Treaty of Brest-Litorak and was de finitely out of the world conflict.

Internally, Russian life was turned up- side down. Factories were taken ever by the workers. Great estates were con- 6scated by the peasants, who divided them among themselves. The aristocracy sought any kind of safety it could find, and the middle-class or bourgeoise, be came special objects for the hatred of the masses. Free trade was abolished and in its stead was established a system of government control that rationed food, placing the workingmenn proferred classes, and doling out little or nece at all to the others. The use of money, was condemned, and grain, manufactured products and labour became the chief media of exchange.

which internal counter revolution, in Four long dismal years passed during many cases assisted by allied interven- tion, kept Russia in a constant turmoil. Enemies of the communists assassinated some Bolshevik leaders, and in Septem- ber, 1918, Lenin himself was shot and severely wounded:

AS A BUILDER.

In 1921, when the Soviet Government had swept aside all military opposition, He spent more time, however, in re- Lenin turned his hands to the task of volutionary propaganda among the Petro-building up the Russia the revolution grad workmen than at his studies. He had destroyed. To achieve this recon- was arrested, served a long term of instruction, Lenin, with the daring that prisonment, and then was deported to characterized all of his major plans, Siberia. He lived for several years a began what he sulled a stragetic retreat quiet life at Minusinsk, a tiny Siberian from communien. A communistie Utopia village. During this period he wrote might be possible in years to come, he several books on political economy, which said, but the active communisur as prac gave him fame as the real exponent of tised during the period of the civil war the Marxian theory. While fa Siberia bo had never been intended as permanent. adopted as his penname, "Nikola It was purely a war measure, and so it Lenin," by which he rose to world noto an epochal speech, delivered in Novem- riety. He is said to have chosen it be-ber, 1921, Lenin publicly announced the cause of his deep feeling over the mas- sacre of several hundred miners in the Lena gold felds by Czarist troops.

In 1901 Lenin finished his term of deportation is Siberia and emigrated to Switzerland, where, together with two of bis friends, artoff and Plakhanoff, he published newspaper catitled The Spark devoted to revolutionary pro- paganda in Russia" He wandered from Switzerland to Germany, to England and to France, eking out a simple existence by journalistic efforts, or was supported by wealthier revolutionaries. Up to 1904 Lenin had worked along general Marxian lines, but in that year he detached him. self from his comrades and organized the Bolshevik faction of the Social Demo- cratic Party, the same faction which he swept into powerein Russia as the Com. munistie Dictators.

failure of past policies, and explained the need for an economic departure. We met with a bad defeat, and have undertaken a strategic retreat," he ad- mitted. Before they have thrashed us definitely, let us retreat and construct everything over again, but more solidly." He proposed at least a parcial re-estab- lishment of capitalistic principles; a re- version to free trade; the imposition of taxes on land; abolishment of free trans- portation, and the acceptance of outside aid for the millions of starving Russians,

It was the great peasant class and its refusal to necept the principles of Com- munism, coupled with the destructive drought end resultant famine of 1921 that finally brought about the capitulation. With the small farmer flatly refusing to deliver up his scanty crops requisitioned by the Soviet State, and millions perish- ing from hunger throughout the nation, the Premier could see nothing but black clouds ahead.

When the Czar was overthrown early in 1917, Lenin, with a group of his sup- porters, retarded to Russia. They went from Switzerland, through Germany. At

When this new economic policy had the time it was charged, and generally gained momentum and it appeared that believed in all ARied countries that Lenin Russia was coing back to a bourgeoise tras an agent of the German Govern- régime. Lenin was the first to proclaim ment, whom the German General staff that the retreat had ended, that there ided with funds and advice to disrupt was to be no aurrender of deal" com the Russian army, and break Russia from munistic principles, and above all things, the Entente. The Germans gave the that the proletarian dictatorship of -party of 40 Russians free conduct Russia would not be surrendered.

through their country in a train-under. In the spring of 15 Lenin's health in order to keep them from begin to crack under the strain. He be foreading

revolutionary

propaganda ame a victim of insomnia, and later on among the soldiers at the stations where developed serious nervous and gastrio they stopped. But if the Germans hoped disorders. Always impatient of restraint, for disintegration of the Russian Army, he would not obey the commands of his Lenin and his supporters contend that Russian physicians or the advice of bis this plan was a boomerang From the friends, and continued to work. In the very moment the Bolsheviki were in autumn of 1022, he suffered a serious power in Petrograd, they set about to attack, and for a long time his life was spread communism in the German Army. despaired of

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When Lenin arrived in. Russia hemado Physically Lenin was shott, rather his first appearance at the All-Russian plump, with a thick short neck, broad Congress of Soviets, urging the workers shoulders, round, red face, high forehead, to seize the power and to do away with broad head, nose. alightly upturned, the Kerensky Government. Not having brownish moustache and a short, stubby found an car, the Bolshevik fnation, beard. He has been described as looking under Lenin's leadership, attempted in more like a country grocer than a speeches, as in his actions, he was a July, 1917, & coup d'etat, which was sup- leader of men. pressed by the Petrograd Soviet, and the tion. Leniti was fairly easy of approach, friends and of himself. He once told the, Once in the early days of the revalu- merciless critic of his enemies, of his

IN HIDING.

but in his later years he received few communist congress that if the party people. Once met, however, be appealed did not imitate capitalistic methods, and From July, 1917, until Lenin returned to the observer

as a man of extra learn to be better bargainera than the suddenly to Petrograd to become almost ordinary keen intelligence. Persons who capitalists, that they probably would be over night the Director of Russia, he went to interview Lenin found them hanged, and surely would deserve it. was in hiding Beoreted in a straw stack selves being interviewed instead. Fe

He seemed absolutely lacking in self- on an island in the Neva, not far from red questions in rapid eucoession, search interest. His personal life was exceed

When in Moscow he oc- Kronstadt, he remained for days while ed for the points be really wanted to know, ingly simple. platoons of Korensky soldiers, aided by and then dismissed them and took up cupied two small furnished rooms at the bloodhounds, nearched for him. Peasant another question even before his visitor Kremlin, within a stone's thrown of a friends, brought him food and news, realized he had answered the first. In magnificent empty palace which once papers, and carried messages from him addressing public audiences, Lenin drove housed the Czars. When in the country, to Leon Trotsky, later second in com- home his points with a eart force For

at a little place called Tarasovka, some mand of the Proletarian Dictatorship, prisingly clear in a man of his thick 20 miles from Moscow, he spent most-ef who was then practically in control of the lipped, rather diffent delivers. In his bit time fishing, shooting or playing with HONGKONG CIGAR STORE

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