1922-03-22 — Page 5

Page

CABLES.

LATEST CABLES.

{r200*E'S "ALENCE.] PRINCE IN COLOMBO.

WARMEST WELCOME OF THE

TOUR.

COLOMBO, March 1st... Co o gave the Prince of Wales a

Benvun arrived in the harbour just before saarive, being berthed amid a large, sur- round ng fleet of shipping. Brest in rairikoa stishiou, to salutes by the flag- sāp Southaż płon and the French cruiser Belatriz. The shining city looked vivid in the fresh mening air and humming with liliputian echoes of teeming life aabere. At nine o'clock Admiral. Chinon Baker une aboard, followed ten niinutes later by the Governor who rowed out in ant picturesque barge. Atten the. Prace of Wales left the Brown in his blue and silver pinnace which stramed through a lane of gully decorated har- Dour lighters moored stem to stern and erowded with cheering colles.

ADDRESSES OF WELCOME.

THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, WEDNESDAY, MARCH 22ND 1922.

SOVIETS END GENOA

RIGA, March 21st.

The Soviets have called a cânteretire of the Baltic States at Riga, while the dele- gates are en route to Geoon, to discuss jeint programme for the Genoa Confer- i

enve

"

NEW SOCIALIST REPUBLIC,

REYAL, March ist,

SECRET WIRELESS IN BERLIN

BERLIN, March dist.

1i

The police have discovered a wireless installation, copies of secret codes and other documents in the House of a com-

munist leader. The latter has disap peared, but a member of the Municipal Council has been arrested,

SOUTH AFRICAN STRIKE. VERY GRAVE SITUATION LAST

WEEK.

CAPETOWN. March 1st.

1:

THE IRISH SITUATION.

CORRESPONDENCE

DARROAMIN BELFAST | REUTER'S AND THE BANQUE

th.

Lordux, Muqeh The papers today gave prominetic to counts of the weekend terror in offat which increases the tension be

been the Ulster police and the IR in the frontier, alongsida with a report by Fil-Marshal Wison to the Ulster

raided police barracks at

Pomeroy,

Field Marshal Wilson's report, after us trucking Mr. Lloyd George as being res. ponsible for the anarchy and murder in South Ireland, advises, Sir James Craig to "get Britain warmly on your siden He promises'a wonderful improvement in the situation as a result of the measures be outlines for strengthening Ulster

BLOW "AT MILITARISM.

INDUSTRIELLE.

[To Tu TON OF THE "HONGKONG DAILY PRESS"}

Sin-A fresh discussion of the affairs of the Banque Industrielle de Chine in the French Chamber has been the meana attack upon Reutor's of evoking an

In a warmly applauded speech in the Assembly, General Smuts declared that the gravity of the situation last week was not sufficiently recognised. There was no doubt that the revolutionaries wanted Soviet, Repubic and expected assistance from the country. The Prime Minister feared greatly that before the burghers could come: revolutionary control would.S. FINANCIAL POLICY TOWARDS Shanghai and Hongkong, that Reuter was

Hi. Royal Highness landed at the lower jetty which was transformed into a vast carpeted böwer by lavish decorations After specting the aval guard of hour and a company of the Ceylon Light try the Pringe proceded to be established in Johannesburg, dealing. a day where he received addresses from out executions and creating a blind bath the Lagis ative Council of Colombo, the of saughter comparable with the French Council, the Cher Hendmans Revolution. Thanks to the promptness of Lady The Chamber of Commerce, Low the country's response to the Government Coun.ry Products Association and the appeal the situation had changed and "Euryan Assocation of Ceylon. Tac

Johannesburg was now almost normal. Pri of Wales repid briety and colectively.” He referred to the visit of

forees.

|

PROFESSOR DANENBERG'S PUPILS' RECITAL.

Rach. Chaminade. Schumann. Grieg, Chopin, Liszt, are dames to conjure with in the world of music. Yesterday these composers, amongst others, wore drawn upon to demonstrate the proficiency to! which Profesor Danenberg's pupils have Most of atinized under his guidance. the performances were feats of memoris

SCOTTISH LETTER.

5

* BURNSIANA. -

MEMORIAL TO CLARINDA,

[FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT. }.

EDINBURGH, February 13t. In practically every Scottish communit the autiversus of the birth of Burris wat celebrated by dinners, suppers, lectures South of the Harder the

or conecris,

An interesting collection of bocks left to the trustees of the late Colonel R. W. Bennett, who had large business interests. in Glasgow and Ayr, has been added to the Burns Cottage Museum at Alloway. It consists of 600 volumes, and includes. every edition of the poet's, works.

Soviet representatives states that it..mir formulating a scheme for the res❘ Agency, which we chaos allow to passing as well as of technique, but in this growing tendency to observe the natali magn fcent reption this morning. The has been decided to establish Socialist toration of order in Belfast and security unnoticed, and we would ask you to be expression, the acessary phrasing and day was again strongly marked. The on the frontier, in accordance with the good "enough to give publicity in your the light and shade which help to make majors of the oraters, it was noted, be ps to # statement on our part, a piece of music a picture appealing tolonged to the clerical or legal professions. Republic at Yakutsk.

Ulster Government's request.

whic, we hope, will dispost, once for all, the imagination. were not sacrificed. Among the better known speakers were Altogether four were killed and even of accusations for which, from first to Most of the perfonnances were well-nigh Professor Grierson, Edinburgh Divers! sity; Mr. Munro, Secretary for Scotland; wounded by the bombings and shoatings ast, there has not been the maleat faultless. It is difficult to single out any Mr. J. G. Jameson, M.F.

of the young performers for special then- in Bellast during the week-end, whio grouad.

During the critical months of Decem- tion--indeed it would probably be unwise the massing of forces on both sides of the Monaghau-Tyrose border, which had ber, 1990, and January, 1991, Router's to do so. They varied in age as doubt teen proceeding for days past, onded with ws. survien contained one sole references they did in experience, but each piny to this Bank. This was a brief ataled as to the manner bora and gave inter- outbursts of aring on Saturday. A de

ment, namely on January 14th, which we pretations which speak well for the future, tachment of the I.R.A. yesterday evenabled by the express request of the Master George Bend, the only malo BURNS AND CLARINDA

It has been a frequent matter of com soloist, in a group of four pieces. gave French Ministry for Foreign Affairs, | spriced renderings of Schumano's ment that there is nothing in the Canon- Tyrone, overpowered the garrison and sinting that there was no truth in the Hors men and Grieg's "Sailor Song" gato Churchyard of Edinburgh to mark Miss Daisy Witch-R in two pieces the grave of Mrs. Agter M'Lahose, whose carried off arma, ammunition and motors, reports of the fa lure of the Banque In which caled for feeling pinyed with correspondenes under the pen name of having previously destroyed the bridges dustrielle de Chine nad of the So.et: Cen-intelligence. Miss Lally Carva bo Clarinda, with the poet Burns daring his

gave a flocly played renderissima

rendering of residence in Edinburgh, forme a romantic and cut the wires to prevent the animatrale des Banquea de Province.

Herself of a poetic paraphrase in of reinforcements.

Why we were asked to send this message Missis L. Patton. Thelma May, Rosie episode in his life.

and writer of verses, temperament we did not understand at the time, be-Kwok and Caroline Braga, all youthful Clarmda found in Buras her soul's case we had no knowledge whatever of contributed to the enjoyment of the large tween these two are on interesting study performers, played daintily. Others who affinity, and the letters which passed bo the affairs of the Banque de Chine or any audience present, included Misses M. N. in self-revelation. In the correspondence other French bank. Our amazement and Alves, E. Cornel: 1. Rosario, 5. Be-Barns styled himself Syltänder, after the indignation may be imagined when we Leon. L. Chenally, E. S. Remedios, and ago the Ninety Club assumed the pious medios, C. C. Alves, W. Robinson, A.

A number of years manner of the time. learned that on January 11th, 1991, the E Bell. Professor Danenborg and Miss duty of placing suitable mementoes over Ministry for Foreign Affairs bad tele-Elfrida Osmund, submitted a Suite for the resting places of the two Burns heroines who are buried in Edinburgh." graphed to its Ministers at Tokyo, and two piano by Louis Aubert, which was superbly rendered. Miss Marie Seana 'so

A monument to Chloris, the lassic with for two pingos, a piece bearing out its Poking, and to the French Consul, at joined the Professor in Espana," also

the fint white jocks," was raised in Pres

EUROPE.

Karryng on a campaign of depreciation standing item of a diversifed programme Two well-known Beottish artists have been title and giving great pleasure. The out on Street burial-ground, and now there

will be a similar memorial to Clarinda WASHINGTON, March 29th. ur french finance and had actually sa- was Miss Elsa Alves performance anlisted Mr. H. S. Gamler has modelled

Playing The Government's reiterated warning to outed the failure of the Bangue Indus Chaminade's "Concerstucke."

a reproduction of the famous silhouette of financers not to place foreign loans trielle de Chine and of the Société Cen with car and a perfect technique, Miss the heroine, and Sir P. Danean Rhind

Alves surmounted the difficulties of the without the knowledge of the Government trale des banques de Province.

These facts did not come out until intricate runs in which the piece abounds has designed the framework, a number of

Barns Clubs contributing to the costs. ministration to compmax the double objet duy, 1921, and we at once wrote to the and brought out all the beauties it pos of dealing a blow at European militarian French and English Prys a strongly-scssen. She was deservedly applauded. ECONOMY OF THE MOTOR SHIP. as well as securing payment of at least worded letter, in which we emphaeally The pupils had the benefit of performing the interest on the loans to Europe in deed the statements made in the de-o sxcellent examples of the pianoforte art-Steinway and Bluthrer war time. I the warning "is unheeded pachs sent to its agents by the Quai makers

grands. The Concert is to be repeated on the next step is expected to be an appli-u're not until the affairs of the Ban- Thursday next. catied by the Executive to Congress for deal with foreign loans, marking the Chamber towards the end of December, legislation empowering the Government to que do there came up again in the French allontion of a policy of placing the enor 1921 that we learned for the first time. mous wealth of the nation in the hands the explanation of what appeared to us of the Goremment as an instrument in to be a totally unaccountable proceeding on the part of the French Ministry for the development of its foreign relations.

Fort go" Affairs in accusing Reuter of U.S. TROOPS ON RHINE.

doing that wh.ch ho had never dole and bad never thought of doing. We then summons about a year ago on the subject the of obstruction by slow-driving motorists Minister, M.

M. Briand of the whole at of the trugimilar complaint to make in the Police of coal and oil, the motor-ship does the that on” Jamiary 11th a director Court, yesterday, with regard to Castle same work for about half the expenditure of the Banque Industrielle de Chine in Peak Boad. Last time the defendant on fuel as compared with the coal burn- Then this "Scottish Letter," the motor-ship Paris had written to the Quai d'Orsay, was a well-known police official; thising steamer As he been already stated saying that he had received from the time it was a Chinese chauffeur. branch of that Bank at Peking a telegram change was "obstructing the roadway. Pinson, Clyde Dalmuir product,-late ly underwent a series of trials on the to the effect that Houter had been

Traffic Inspector Garrod said that on pub. SOME WITH GERMAN WIVES.

bahing in the Far East an announcement the Castle Penk Road, on Sunday even-Firth, when it was calculated that 1,000 tons of cargo could be carried on "the PARIS, March 20th. of numerous failure of French banka, ining, March 12th, the driver of car No.

France and in America, and expressing 433 was overtaken by Mr. H. A. Lam-Mensured Mile" on an expenditure of A message from Coblenz etates that an apprehension of a possible consequent mert in car No. 391 who alleged that he less than a shiking for fuel and lubricat eleven hundred American troons, with 64 run on French ostabishments in the Far repeatedly asked, by the usual method of ing of. "Put in another way, one ton of German wires, started for home on the East. Thereupon, without eaqu ry of any sounding the horn, to pass the defendant's cargo could be carried 1,000 miles, for a 18th inst. The American occupation force sort as to the facts, the French Ministry car, which was going along at a very shilling's worth of oil.

The development of the motor ship i is now under four thousand.

for Foreign Affairs despatched the tale slow pace. The defendant ignored his grace

to which we have referred above, request and went along at this slow pace procoxdling rapidly. In 1930 about a score of vessels from 2,000 tons upwards chargicg

with having carried on for a considerable time. Reuter a campaign to deer di French financis! Mr. H. A. Lammert, in evidence, said were completed. Last year, despite the rests in the Far East and with having that when he overtook the defendant's car depression in shipbuilding, more than announced the failure of the Banque In

it was about 100 yards behind another double that number were turned out. The dustrie le de Chire and of the Société car. He gave three toots," which was tonnage completed amounted to 333,475 Centra e des Banque de Province,

King Edward in 1873 "to lay the first stone of the great breakwater and to Colo's int mate issocation with the Navy. He paid a special tribute to the devoted loyalty of the island.

SEVEN MILES OF CROWDS.

..

PRAISE FOR THE NATIVES.

In addition to paying tribute to the burghers, police and Burban' Light letan. try, the last named compused mostly of mere schoolboys. General Sants praised the composure of the natives

The fear obsessed the Prime Minister that, owing to wanton shooting of natives, Sa wijd native authrenk might result which the

is rogarded as another more by the Ad-

If

!!

SLOW MOVING CARS.

MOTORISTS' RIGHT TO PASS.

M. H. A Lammert, who brought a

"Those who have followed the develop ment of the motor-ship are aware that it is no longer an experiment, but a proved success, and birds fair to oust the ordin ary steamer in many directions in the near future. Motor-ships to-day are not only sailing sucessfully, but are paying their way and being continuously employ ed where a great number of steamers have to be tied up through sheer inability of finding paying cargo. The reason is, of course, that the motor ship, with equal reliability, scores heavily on the point of economy. It may not be an aggerated

A. prcersson was then formed, the Government would have to quell. but the ALL TROOPS TO LEAVE DY JULY 157. | Dewing aware, in a statement made by tap on the road to: Repulse Bay, bad a claim to make that taking average prices)

antives kept their heads. The Government had decided to try the criminals by ordin ary law. It adherred to the decision to appoint an industrial commission on which neither side would be represented, thus securing impartiality.

EARLIER CABLES.

THREE NOTORIOUS REBELS

CAPTURED.

JOHANNESBURG, March "Yoth.

Prince motoring through and around Colombo, passing betwixt more than seven miles of most enthusiastic crowds ranged in orderly array. Being a general ga day for the entire island, the people had flocked in shoals from fur to see the -Prines. “A striking feature was the im- mese assemblage of healthy looking school children waving flags, cheering and, dap-. ping with a tremendous zest, The route was lined. by police auxiliaries? scouts, gu una ami lascarine guiras and was sim ply but most-effectively decorated. Of course, Nature, bountiful in tropical foling, provided a gorgeous setting with frequent glimpses of violet ocean betwixt clustering palm groves. Still, the Cingul Jese innd a fine display, pandals, arches, pyous. stregivers and days" all blending INTERESTING ARGUMENT IN THE

it a riotous bas-relief of colour against ihr gaudy costumes. Chalmers granery

had ben transformed into a long wide

i

WASHINGTON, March 20th

Orders directing repatriation by July 1st of all American troops on the Rhine have been issued by the Secretary of

War."

GANDHES TRIAL..

The Amalgamated Enginering Union PROTEST BY BONFIRE OF FOREIGN bar now called our the strike.

Three notorious robels, including a

councillor and two Boer ex-Generals, who were hiding in the country, have been dis- covered and brought here.

"THE PACIFIC TREATY.

COMMONS.

Paes, March 20th.

In the House of Commons, Mr. Lex-

CLOTH.

-CALCUTTA, March 20th.

As a demonstration against Gandhi's arrest a bonfire was made of foreign cloth at the conclusion of a public meeting under the auspies of the local Congress

Committer.

STREET AMENITIES. COLLISION BETWEEN MOTOR-CAR AND TRUCK.

...

A driver employed at least

.1

colonnade of green and red splendour trang Myone drew attention to the argu- with wicker shaziatos in which sat the ment urged against the Pacific Treaty, principal Indian families associated within the American Scaste, that in the event of a Russo-Japanese" war, the Powers the ree industry. One loyal enthusiast signatory to the Treaty would be diplo-Garage brought a summons against

truck coolie (whose case was fought by had brought five elephants down to hismatically bound to take favourable view compound sight seldom Colami

and whilst these

SCRO

of the Japanese case.

in

animals aniaaused the Prince with their trunke the party showered him with confetti and 1tr. The Prince's progress" was 000 sustained roar of greeting, punctuated by inging of school childron. Again and again the royal car was obliged to atop to enable the Prince of Wales to receive.. bouquets.

FUROBE OF LOYAL WELCOME: The reception from start to finish was one magnificent furora of loyal welcome. Colombo is crowded to suffocation and

keeping holiday in a most joyous spirit "Nothing like to day's scenes have yet been witnrosed during the present tour, even the oathusiasm of Burma being eclipsed. "At the end of the ceremonial drive the Priyes alighted at Queen's House whore staying. In the afternoon he at

Pr

the qual signal for permission to pass.d.w.c, and, in addition, 239,850 tons were Once again, we have addressed to the The defendant immediately increased his launched, but were not completed by the French newspapers, and to serta mem- speed, but still kept to the centre of the end of the year. Diesel engines totalling bers of the Chamber of Deputies interest road. A man sitting beside the driver 123.500 hp, were installed in these vessels, ed is the matter, a letter afirming in the turned roman sitting best turn; witness whilst nearly 100,000 ih.p. is in coursi most emphate manner that Reuter telo corld rercure this through the glass pans of construction for ships not yet finished. graphed to the Far East nothing what- Lever converting the failure of any back at the back of the hood, which was up. During the year the first two motor pas On two or three occasions the other car senger liners over built were placed in in France.

In our capacity of chromeless drew ahead of him, and, thinking he had commission; ships of 14,000 tons were of facts we had cabled the

suspecsion of

a chance, he sounded the horn. On occa built and engined up to 3,200 i.h.p. bank in Mexico and, later, of a private in, the defendiat speeded up to the

The coming of the motor ship will in- bank in London, but not a single syllable other car, but never gave a chance to volve many striking changes, s about any bank in France. Our letter,

Mr. Harmsworth replied that he was ennys) for causing damage to a motorontor Foreign Affairs, immediately twenty miles an hour.

car in Praya East on March 9th. The

ษ

matier of ecor my Coal-burninger concluded with a strong protest against Pan In Nathan Road, as the road was already recognised, quite apart from the the abuse which had been made in this wide, he was able to pass. affair of the name of Beuter, which, from

In reply to the Magistrate, Mr. Lam- eren cil-firing for steam means,

amount of dirt. mert added that his speedometer was stance, an enormous best to last, bad bad nether interest nor

out of order, but, reckoning by the time, Tremendous volumes of smoke are pented consero in it.

It is to be remarked that the Franch which was 40 minutes for the nine and out of gigantic funnels, and although this the truck Immer, through Mr. F. L. Consul at Hongkong, on receiving the half miles, he thought that he was forced may matter comparatively little at sea,

of January 11th from the French to keep af was between fifteen and

A fino al $10 was imposed.. awaiting the full report of the discussion car driver said the front of a truck, on wrote to your newspapers a letter, in in the Senate. Meanwhile he was unable coming out of a godown, collided with which he denied the reports of tho sor to express any opinion with regard to the and damaged the rear, part, of his car. disant serious situation of the Banque Mr. Dennys, for the defence, submitted Industriells de Chine and of the Société force of the argument,

that the collision was unavoidable. To Centrale des Banques de Province and a treck which contained about added (We are here translating from the 4,000 pounds of iron, as this one did French): was a matter which required time and plenty of spies. Mr. Dennys suggested that the car driver should have waited.. A better course for the Garage concerned to pursue would have been to bring & civil action for damages.

WINE FOR NOTHING.

FRENCH

VESSEL'S ADVERTISE

MENT WORLD-TOUR.

PARIS, March 20th.

A hip chartered by French wine growers starts on a voyage round the world at the end of April to distribute free samples of wine. The ship is visit ing the Atlantio and the Pacific seaboards of America, where it will remain outside the territorial mits.

AERIAL SERVICES IN RUSSIA, EXCLUSIVE BIGHTS FOR RUSSO-

"GERMAN SYNDICATE

move

The Magistrate agreed and said he was satired there was not sufficient evidence to warrant a conviction. He dismissed the summons."

BIG HARBOUR FOR FENGEEN.

"

AN OUT-OF-DATE THEORY. (TO THE EDITOR OF THE "4 HONGKONG“

DAILY FREES."

In the not distant in narrow waters. it is anything but agreeable or even safe future we shall see all our passengéz, liners driven by oil engines, their spowy decks clear of funnels and the skies above such zivers as the Clyde as dear and pallacid as those above an It lian lake. It is, indeed, not at all improbable that we may see revolutionary changes in the internal design of ships, especially "What may, perhaps, surpriso public

passenger ships, brought about by the re opinion is the indifference displayed by Beuter's Agency about indicating the in this morning's "paper

Six-In compaction with your article moval of the old-fashioned engines with regarding their furnaces and funnels, their heat and spurces of this false news, spread for Bright ning Kowloon,"

and the frequent small and grim, and their replacement by the purpose of casting doubt upon our national crekt. It is certainly not references in our local papers from time to the relatively small, compact, and clean

time about Flat Notes, including the internal, combustion engine. mufficient simply to notify the existent bagpipe nuisance, I was, much interested sexACRLETON AND PARKHEAD. of certain reports, and it would be to notice in a nowapaper just received

more useful for the public to know their

has

It is recalled at Parkhead on the Clyde From Home that the so called theory that by members of the staff of William Beard As to this Beuters Agency an Englishman's home, is his castle" should not be ignorant.

origin

The only serious conclusion that can

ཟླ॰་

at last been upeat by a ruling in the more & Co., that Sir Ernest Shackleton be drawn from these facte is that these Police Courts. Perhaps a local test case spent some time in their great works. It malevolent rumours have been put into would be the means of damping some of was between the years 1965 and 1907,

the superfluous venergy. circulation by

80 prevalent when Sir Ernest, then Licut, Shalkleton, the irrconcilable enemies

was engaged with the firm. He as a of France, for same purpose which it is nowadays

I enclose the cutting, as perhaps the sociated at Parkhead, and acted imposable to diving and for egoistic

ÜOUK will be of interest to many people secretary to a committee formed in con- motives

who have to suffer through neighborly nection with gas engine research na snorgy. Yours Zaithfully, t

It is leant from an authoritative sourge. that the construction of a harbour in Hulu lato in the Bay of Liensban, Feng- tieň Province, which bis been under cou- BERAIN, March 21.

We should be glad to know bow the

applied to industrial power stations. It sideration for many years past, has been

A BARABER.

was during this period that Liest. Shack- Formarls reports that the Russian resolved upon and that work will bo com- French Consui at Hongkong can justify

Kowloon, March 20th, 1922,

leton approached Lord Invernairn, then Government les granted a Russo-German menced before long The cost of the work the strange language which he permitted syndicate exclusive air trafic rights be- is estimated at $10,000,000, to be defrayed himself to use in reference to Beuter's

[The paragraph our correspondent encloses Mr. William Beardmore, regarding bis tended a garden party in the beautiful tween the principal cities. Services will by both the Fenglies Province and then any event, we desire, in justice to las report of a police court came one for Lion, and that gratieman, 46, let

eto in which projected enterprise of Antarctic explora shortly open between Petrograd and Ministry of Communications. The work ourselves and for the information of the grounds, surrounding the house and a Moscow and Moscow to Kieft. dinner party given by the Governor in NEW UNDER-SECRETARY FOR the evening. Colombo was gorgeously lumnated, the ships in the harbour con- tributing a great blaze of splendour to the scene,

INDIA,

".

LONDON, March 20th, Lord Winterton has been appointed Under Secretary for India.

using indecent language. They were in instrumental in putting Sir Ernest will be spread over the next soren geara, ruble in the Far East, to make know their own house peaking at each other" possession of the facilities for proceeding. the United States and Netherlands will the real facts of the case. Yours truly,

Contractors from Japan, Great Britain.

be invited to make their tenders in April of the present year. The plan for the harbour is on an extremely largo stale, and several big piers capable of accom-4, modating in all 300 vessels are to be con- structed-Eastern News Agentii,

8. CAREY CLEMENTS," (Manager and Secretary, Renters

Ltd., Toadon) Old Jewry, London, E.C. 9- January 13th, 1922. (Continued at foot of next column.),

the

One of the magistrates on the Beach in south on the N., a tribute to bis quired: "Isn't an Englishman's house his patron, Bir el upon the own castle? **--

The Deputy Clerk replied: great glacier which he discovered in "Not to-day,

Defendants are liable Antarctic the name of 4 The Beardmore if the door is ород, and the language it And it was on the Beardmore Glacier, heard in a publin street or place." Fines unhappily, that the disasters to the Scott

expedition fint began. woro imposed.]