1921-08-27 — Page 2

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THE EINSTEIN THEORY.

HOW IT STANDS TO-DAY.

THE NEW CONCEPTION OF SPACE,

AS EXPLANATION OF XRCTRICITY ?

[BY JR. JEANS, F. 2. 8., LATE STOXxxs

*LICTINER IN, “APPLIED MATHEMATICS

AT CAMBRIDGE.]

in view of Professor Einstein's visit to England, an attempt to estimate the present position of the theory of reia tivity may not be inopportune..

41

-

An

-space

1.73

WORLD THEATRE.

UNDER ENTIRE

BRITISH MANAGEMENT

9.15 p.m.

TO-NIGHT

THE GREAT

BATTLE

ing discrepancies in the planetary mo tions have also been shown to be in agreement with the theory of relavity. According to this theory, a ray of light also would pursue the shortest course in the. curve:i four-dimensional around the sun, and Einstein was able to predict that a ray of light which juss grazed the sun's surface ought to show appareat beading equal to

a prediction which, was seconds of arc. subsequently confirmed at the eclipse of 1919. Since the eclipse. results were made known an attempt has been made to explain the observed bending na a consequence of refraction by a solar at

csphere, but it appeared that the re- TO-NIGHT As is well known, the theory falls quisite atmosphere would be of a highly naturally into two parts the earlier or artificial kind, and I do not think this "restricted" theory and the later or alternative explanation has received any generalised" theory, the latter being support Recently the actual eclipse as its name implies, a development of measurements have been rediscussed by the former. The earlier theory arone Prof. H. N. Russell. He finds evidence out of the apparent inability of experi of an instrimental distortion, unsuspect mental physice to determine the earth's ed by the observers, and if the measures absolate velocity in spece. It is easy to are corrected to "allow for this, they are determine the earth's velocity relative found to agree very closely with Eis- to the gun or to ang star, or' stars we

stein's "prediction. please, but we cannot in this way ever arrive at a velocity which has any right to be regarded as absolute for no na. tonomical body has any special claim to be regarded as fixed in

красе. Throughout the nineteenth century, how aver, it was believed that we were aux rounded, and indeed permeated, by an ocean of mther. The parts of this ocean were not supposed to move relatively to one another, so that the ther might be regarded as providing an absolute stand ard of rest. Physicist after physicist at tempted to measure our velocity through the aether by carefully-devised optical and electrical experiments, but one and all failed; no velocity" of the earth through

the wether could ever be detected. ·

The restricted theory of relativity was based upon the conjecture that these re peated failures were rendered inevitable by a general principle in nature. It was assumed that a general law of nature, dominating all other laws, made it inherently impossible ever to deter mine the absolute velocity of the earth, or, of course, of any other body, by any experimental means whatever. This principle was called the principle

THE TEST OF THE SPECTRUM. |-

A third prediction of Einstein hum given rise to much discussion and ex- periment.He believed his theory to require that the frequency of the light! emitted by an atom of, say, calcium in the sun should be less than from a terrestrial atom of the same kind, so that the. Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum cught to show a shift towards The difficulties of testing this the red. prediction are very great, and the at- tempts so far made have shown discord- ant results. The best-equipped observer, Professor St. John, of Mount Wilsou, finds no appreciable shift at all; other abservers claim to detect a shift of the kind predicted, but its amount is gene- rally too small. On the whole the balance of evidence ssems to turn against Einstein's prediction. At pre- sent this is the only cloud in an other wise clear sky, but it ought to be added that some mathematicians are less con vinced than Einstein that the predioted essential part of his

shift forms a theory.

In conclusion, reference may be made? of relativity. It was soon found to have to an interesting extension of the gene consequences, which reached far outside ralised theory, which promises to be of Maxwell and the sciences of opties and electro-magne- far-reaching significance. tism in which it had its birth. In par-Faraday taught that electro-magnetic ticular, it was seen" to shatter our pre-phenomena were the perceptible mani- vious conceptions of the nature and festations of actions taking place in the meaning of space, time, and motion.

IT STANDS.

ether for instance, electric force result ed from in state of tension in the ether. and electric spark showed the release of this tension, and so forth: Einstein's The present position of the restricted teaching has abolished at least this kind theory of relativity can be expressed, of ather, and has shown forge, at any simply but completely, in two words: rate in so far as gravitational force is It stands. The only other possibility concerned, to be an illusion. How, then, would have been total and irrevocable are wo to explain electric force Quite downfall. Had a single welbauthen-

recently one of the most brilliant of Ger ticated law of nature been found to b3

man mathematicians, Professor Weyl, in opposition, to the supposed dominat

of Gottingen, has shown that space can ing principle, there would have been an be distorted in more ways than were immediate end to the principle, and with ever imagined by Einstein. it to the theory of relativity. But no paratively simple distortions which Ein- such opposing law has appeared, or is

stein inflicted on space may result in now likely to appear. When a supposed apparent gravitational forces," but the law has seemed to violate the principle most general distortions which are pos of relativity, further experiment has insible will add to these whole sets of variably shown that the law had to be forces." And these new forces are discarded and not the principle.

The com

found to have precisely and identically the properties possessed by the familiar "forces of electricity and magnetism. in the new interpretation of the universe which the theory of relativity is thrust- ing upon us, this solation of the riddle of electricity and magnetism appears likely to play a predominant part.-

Observer.

It was early noticed that a violation of the principle was involved in the famous Newtonian law of gravitation, that every particle of matter attracts every other with a force proportional to the inverse square of their distance apart. Clearly, either Newton's law or the principle of relativity had to go. Einstein, pinning his faith to the former alternative, set to work to examine whe- ther it was possible to account for gravitational phenomena without dis- GIGANTIC GERMAN SWINDLE carding the principle of relativity. The result was the generalised theory of re lativity.

CURVATURE OF SPACE.

PUBLIC DEPRIVED OF FIFTY

MILLION STERLING.

Mr. Gorge Renwick, the Berlin "corro- Imagine a ship "rounding the Lizard spondent of the London Daily Chronicle, and bound for the mouth of the St. Law-reports that a gigantic swindle, recall- Both points lie on the ing the South Sea Bubble, has been re rence river. same parallel of latitude, so that an un- vealed. For any months institutions sophisticated passenger might reasonably which were called Sport Banks, and which expect the ship to sail always due west had representatives in all parts of Ger along this parallel of latitude. In actual many, especially Saxony, conducted a big fact the course set at Brst will be con-advertising campaign by means of which siderably north of west, while Tater it the public ws persuaded to invest money will be considerably south west, and the in the banksy being promised dividends ship's track, as marked on its Mercator of 100 per cent., less 5 per bent, for chart, will appear excessively curved charges, after the money had been invest- and roundabout. I will nevertheless beed for eight weeks. The dividends were the shortest course between the two paid for a considerable time, and as the points: the apparent curvature arises good fortune of the depositors became from the curvature of the earth's sur kuown there was an enormous rush to face and not from the vagaries of the lavest, people standing for hours in long navigating officers. So it is an essential queues the streets in order to do so. part of Einstein's generalised theory, Berlin bank advertised that it had that the apparent curvature of the track Taid out 20,000,000 marks since the New

Year. of a cricket ball' or a comet arises from

Two Dresden Sport Banks suspended. the curvature of the space in which the motion occurs. The earth does not emit payment and a run began immediately a gravitational force which pulls then all of the Sport Banks when it became cricket ball down; it imposes a curva- known that the directors in Dresden bid ture on the surrounding space so that led the country, although two have been the path of the cricket ball appears.car arrested since then. A further big crash. ved, although it pursues the shortest expected. course open to it. The space on "which"

Directors of the Sport Banks admit

An

this curvature is impressed is not, how that they utilised the moneys to carry ever, the ordinary three-dimensionalt vast betting transactions on rece space in which, until recently, we be courses, and it is believed that large lieved all events to occur. It is a new sums were used to bribe jockeys. four-dimensional space in which this old estimate puts the public investment at space is inextricably blonded with time.1,000,000,000 marks (formally, £60,000,- The restricted theory of relativity had 000).

THE " BENDING" OF LIGHT.

J

already shown that this four-dimensional [The South Sea Bubble was a project space is objectively real, and that the old entered upon in 1710 ag a financial specu three-dimensional space is a mero oblation by what was called the South Sen jective illusion different for each of us, Company. Harley, Earl of Oxford, who like a rainbow or a nightmare.

was then in power in England, conceived the idea of tient money to pay off this project for get- ting together the British National Debt, then standing A placet such as Mercury pursuing itaat about £30,000,000. The company con shortest course through the carved space tracted to redeem the whole debt, in: 20 round the sun would not follow quite years on condition that they were grant- the same course as under Newton's lawed a monopoly of the South Sea trade. On the relativity explanation of gravi The idea fascinated the public, fabulous tation, Einstein showed that Mercury's profits being dreamt of and there was an perihition ought, ia opposition to New-tamease demand for shares which ran ton's law, to advance about forty-three up in vaine from £100 to £1000 AT seconds of are per century. This was classes joined in the gamble, but by the precisely the amount of the outstand-wise policy of Sir Robert. Walpole, tho ing discrepancy the motion of Mer- fraud was exposed in 1720, when the cury which had been known since the whole, scheme collapsed, and thousands time of Leverrier. The other outstand-of people were ruined.]

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