1920-08-04 — Page 5

Daily Press 孖剌西報 All

Page

CABLES.

EABLIER CABLES, {THROUGH MAUTER'S AGENCY.]

FRENCH CHAMBER DEBATE

IMPORTANCE OF THE COAL

QUESTION

"PARIS," "July Sint."

A Hayes enige aaya:—

THE

AMERICAN BAILWAYS.

LARGE INCREASES IN FREIGHT AND PASSENGER RATES.

WARRINGTON, August 1st. The Inter-Slate Commerce Commission

The pasanger fares have been increased by 20 per cent, to help meet the increase 3000,000,000 in wages granted by the

Railroad Labour Board."

HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST "ITH,

THE FRAWLEY COMPANY."

"SCANDAL" ATTRACTS LARGE

AUDIENCE,'

A heavy downpour of rain, thunder and lightning did aut deter theatregoers last

"

TALK WITH LENIN.

ON SOVIET AFFAIRS

HIS POLICY AND LOGIČ.

[BY SEN TURNER.]

1920.

nota.

AMERICA'S TRADE.

HOPEFUL OUTLOOK.

We talked about literature, of which he writer of is a great reader, and also a.

W talked about Gormany, and About British and French Socialism. I The Daily Telegraph's financial curran do nht think he has a high opinion of our pondent wrote from New York on Juna Socialists. He certainly has a false in 13th

kas granted advance in radiroad treischt night from going to see the Frawley Cou-When I had been in Moscow 'a day. Leaia pression about the strength of our left Talk of the possibilities of a panic in the invited me te gu and see him in the rate of 40 per cent in the eastern section, pay it Scandal" There was a "fairly

large audience in spite of the weather, Kremlia London Triund of mine, of 23 per cent. in the South, of 35 per and it was fully rewarded fur bracing the Russian, took me, and was there to not as cent, in the West, and 25 per cent, in the

rigueurs, The play gives sćups "ter some interpreter if need be. As we entered the Mountain and Pacific Territory. «

ryor, Heng and the Frawley outer porch of the Kremlin we were pulled Loupany took full advantage or up by the solumis on guard, but the special * Bala

is a record of the doings of a pass provided for our British Delegation By 356 votes against 189, the "French

and much-spoil New York Society proved a document that gave us the entry ~Chamber passed the Bill for advances for

girl, Beatrix Vanderdyke," who "gets her- everything and everywhere. seli "inte a very questionable scrape and This universal pass was enclosed in German cond agreed to at- the Spa Contas

It is estimated that the mercases aggre-

In order to escape the penalties of her folding leather case. Inside, one page was ace. This constituteg a triumph for M.gat $1,100,000,000 yearly. The new rate indiscretion, then given out that she is printed in English, and on the other page Millerand. The debris was expected to by dre axported to operate boture September veretly married to Pelham Franklin, was the same matter proated in Russian.

lively one.

1st when the Government guarantee to the | very ongible young man, trom the match- The size of the card is 3,in, long by fin. maker posat ut view, To touch her & deep. The peing is as julley, both in tesson, Praaklio sarezteng, to take full matter and shape; advantage of the announcement, but really makes her feel sorry for herself, They both fall in love with each other, and everything ends bappily.

UNREST IN IRELAND).

IS THE PREMIER NEGOTIATING

M. Bokanowsky, Reporter of the Finance | railroads expires, Committon, abowod the gravity of the finas- mal problam, tie maintained that all addi.. tions to the Buuge programme would endanger, social peace aug the venomic șu organisation og lav avuntry, France, he mud, ha zracnço the "vatreno "limit" of possible sacrifice,

SECRETLY

LONDON, August Isl.

Workers at the world, unite! All power to the Sovies at workers,

an, und He Army Soldiers De „paties!

P. and C, P. Welcome to Sociisti Soviet Russia.

The benzer, a member of the Labour Delegation,

Ben Turner,

1

Socialist party: He gives Miss Pankhurst United States, severe or mild, diminishes is the situation begins to elõng itself politi- more credit than her following warranty, cally and adstrialle.

Congress bas and should say he be deceiving himself adjourned, and although most of the law- a good bit, but that may be due to the makers time was fost in futile argumenta olation Russia suffers from by the boy for and against the League of Nations,

Wall Streetwas thankful for the passaga... cots-of-the rest of Europe.

The second interview i had with Lenin of the Railway Bill which effects in com was the offical interview with the rest plète turn-about' in the treatment of the of or party. That has been dealt with agents or transportation, and starts the in other papers by other writers, but he railways from age of the most depressed nas still randig and frank, as his letter situations in their history towards a res 1 ant to the British Socialist party exeen. habilitation which, how, ver slow, will oven- five, and also given to Mr. Shaw and tually it is believed, carry them into a man; I do not think he is a vain man. myself as well, nilicates. He is a pawerful new prosperity. It was unly President Wilsen's objection on a technicality which He is a plait, Frank man, and he is

system of Government dancing and busts of him "ia numerons public similar to your own, Wall Street approv shipped by many. They exhibit pictured the country from adopting a buildings, and this may make him vain. led the plan as a thoroughly business-like I think he misunderstands the psychology method of dealing with the national fin. of the British mind. He believes we are ances, and although President Wilson's meurer revolution than many of us think, preto will prevent its application for le nag is that he has misunderstood it. another year, financial interests are c In the room was a plaster bust of Lenin enraged by the certainty of its ultimate being done by some sculptor..

adoption." While I was with him an artist was Congress has to its credit also the pawaga sketching mis on paper, and when he or the Merchant Marine Bill, which is a Lay British showed n the several drawings a few days long step towards correcting some of the later he seemed to have got me very well as which make the profitable operation. Buned. They have official artists, and of American ships imposible. The termas thee weer let what may be a striking hit of the Shipping Bill, it is true, may bring in history slip at all. I am glad I saw about mensies of retaliation by foreign him. We had a talk as close as nien, could countries, but its benefits in granting have together. We drew our chairs up American ships exemption from the excess to each other, and whilst I could not argue profits tax and a preferential rate of 5 per him out of some things, he impressed me cent, on goods carried in American bottoms with his ideals and his determination to cannot be denical, In the past two weeks win through.-Daily Telegraph..

there has been marked improvement in the lightening of the freight congestion, which ha relieved the credit straia somewhat, although that situation is still more or less AP Winston Churchill sin an quicle in 'acute owing to the clomuous denuands that the Evening News, analyses the letter in are being mate all over the country by On the top of the right-hand corner in which Lenia revented his views of Brit sh tegtunate business, Banking nuthorities the coat-of-arts of the Russian Republic:

Labour representatives, That letter the cantiane to bring pressure for the reduction War Minister say, is intended to start of non-essential and speculative loads, hwy - sickle, a hammer, and a sheaf of curn: the British nation off on that same carver Her.

"The scarcity of money is illustrated by THE surrounding & block of metal or wood. IN

of revelationary violence which has inade it is a tasty document, and whenever BRITISH CONCESSION5,

ww did show it, which was rarely, it got THE RENEWAL PROPOSALS.

us into places very reply and also out of Residents in Chaton-and-other-Southern the city without question. At the Krew Treaty ports will be interested in the gut past the soldiers on duty and juto he uffices of the Chief of tho tohowing report of a meeting recently held

Republic. at Hankow :--

DONE.

Miss Yera Doria, as Beatrix, had a pars which lett no wander of doubt in her seting of her "versatility. Mr. Alr|

you as retha Franklin was at his led to enter an the Soviet institu- bus, the building of the Central Exres Mr. T. tieron Blyth, as the artist, tive "Commantee un Soviets, u7741 ot to cufferuand fork, and Mr. W. “Messenger Council People Commissari (Krems retis, as a gras, wored a distington), man at puble institutions, theatres,

converts, etc. ALINS Caries Fontainie,

All the military ami civil authorities are roquesord to render to comrade Hen Turner all possible assistance, ***

1. NEMESITE, President; 31uscow Soviet. Chairman all RusLe Council of Trudes nuns,

Wine it is affirmed that Mr. Lloyd org is showing an indexible trung to Rodin, Reporter of the Foreign Son, reins demand for a Republic, many Affairs Committee, supported the Bill emises Jear that the Premier is ric remarked that the Boulogne Conteroney had negotiating, instead of openly animating much improyesi the Spa arpungements! The movement, which, M. Mitterand had werepted througa : The repalenrants are moving the delen, es Leade Virden, as Mrs. Henry necessity.

journment of the House of Lomnions on Yanderdyke, and the other members of the

contributed materially towards! Monday to discuss the fremsers antaa į Company

ceo vi-the-perioKWANGU, Russia and Treiand, and there is every

Tenght the Company present the vers unbility or a fight between the Coali-

entertaining play. Three Wise Fouls,"

3. Millorand showed that the coal ques. tion was an essential ons. To aware tha: coal should not be lacking for its family

hearth or the factories was to realise the Burst condition of internal orcer and rounus mie prosperity. 31. Millerand, in insist ing that the need of a close intents between skullin wax www greater than hi pru -sent-enlid-un_the_Chamber_tu_fuznísh_new..

proof of its political spirit 10

national interests.

THE IMPERIAL-

CONFERENCE.

HIGHEST IDEALS OF THE

BRITISH EMPIRE:

i

Herre

Los Dos, August 1st:

A message from Frodericton; New Brunssi

vio

Liberals anu Enionists which threatening a grava split.

STORMY SCENES AT TIPPERARY. | UKROWN

LONDON, July 31st.

Si

There were sternly scenes at Tipperary Following the ghoushing of a military "Jarry at Com, mentioned on J'une Mith. “A”

party" et troops from Tipperary, shouting “Avenge Comrades!" smashed a number all window

POLAND'S PERIL.

FRENCH MILITARY MISSION AT

WORK..

LONDON,, August 1st, The Polish situation is still not clear,

LEASES

LENIN'S PERSONALITY.

MR. CHURCHILL'S WARNING..

pay

Russia such a joy place to live in. We dan000,000, for whover en berenwing of are." Mr. Churchili gois DE to observe, which it will

left in little doubt us to what would happen to British Labour leaders if the Lenin regime could be established upon the

ruins-of-the-British-Commonwealth,.

per cent, on one-year paper and 54 per cent, for six months--the highest rate

normal," as one critic remarks, “but if the 1st is a long-trail towards the ovement can be kept orderly, nothing Here it is true, across the seas, while better can be expected." "Despite the ten- the White Ensiga and the Union Jack still dency of labour to forsake the agricultural fly, this bigot can only fling a silly words districts for the industrial centres, no real of impotent spite. Messrs. Snowden, anxiety is felt now over the crop prospects. The meeting-of-ha-bolders in the old once we each began to talk. He was Cramp and Smillie, Messrs Henderson The Government estimates place the total The picture I had and Clynes may sleep safe in their boss in wheat, production for 1920 at 781,000,000 British Concession, called to consider the very tree and open. above question, brought out a large mot of him was that of a ferocious mouth that poor frection which we have built so bushels, or 100,000,000 less than in 1919, and tact, I had pictured him, therefore, laboriously in our jdland and guarded on, but only 3 per cent. less than the five-year ber ut a persons concerted,

as a whort-chinned, black-bearded man, the cross a thousand years. But if average. The latest British foreign trade That was the in- they were in Russia, then it would not be figures again emphasise to Americans the Mr. Geary Gardner occupied the with a cruel mouth.

He was nothing these Futile gnashings to which they would power of England to come back to a normal and briefly explained how the situation pression- I had received

in of the sort. He is medium-sized man be subjected, but to the much more con- state of things and to hold her own arose and the object of the meeting, alter of about 12st weight, looking his 50 years vincing argument of the dungeun, the firing world trade. The figures, it is commented no more, chun has a short beard party, or, at the very best, the third scale here, are encouraging, bes only as regards

chair

4

il

wick, states that as a civic luncheon to the According to message from Warsaw / wbic!' he called on Mr. A. Perry to explota sandy colour, quite differem Froiu that of rations. As far as we can make out by Great Britain, but with respect also to

Imporini Press Terence delegates, Lieut.-Col. Sir Campbell Stuart, in speech, foreshadowed the formation of *me kind of permanent Imperial Council, dealing ↑ with all major affairs of the Empire.

Polish Araist.es Deligates met the Bol-

evist delegates on the Brest Litovsk Haradovitebi road on the evening of July

The French Military Mission at Warsaw

3uth.

reports that Bolshevists and Germans are argotiating at Suwalki,

the Government's proposals.

..

Mr. Perry waid that these were not ex: pressed with all the clearness which was desirable, but as he understood the matter the Government was proposing to extend

in 1961. The annual rent would then be

said the men and women of Russia were

Of

I had pictured in. He bus a hearty reading this amazing letter, the only poli- her countries which have been apprenned laugh, although I should say he can laugh: tical leader Great Britain who command by war conditions.

(As your exports to America increase, how- desperately as well, but with me he was Lenin's entire confidence and approbation, ever, there are already symptoms of rest soon on the best of terits, and, as he coula jund whom he regards as master-spirit, talk, English very well, the interpreter was the soul-mate of himself, is Miss Sylvia school of

lessness Binong the ultra-rrotectionist

politicians here about the pos only needed for very occasional words. Pankhurst.

ibility

harm to American industry 1 assed him about the blockade, the the old 9 year lease new for a further Polish offensivs, the British intervention, advantage to have Lenin's point of view articles manufactured abroad.

Mr. Churchill says it is certainly a great through the increased importation of "period of 999 years in consideration of an

The facts the Red Terror, nationalisation of women, annual payment. Apparently they would and other things. Over the nationalismo, istakably set forth. He proceeds to of the situation, however, it is believed, point out what has been done for Russia by will prevent any ill-advised action to Mr. George Lane, of the National

Pake the present valuation of land and tinn of wousen he laughed heartily, and the man whom the crazy portion of the restrict your export of gods to America. buildings, and by a discount process ander

It is realised that the payment of your Society of Printers," declared that all előf

General Haller has taken over the com-tain what proscat sum invested in Chinese as true to each other as any in the world Socialist party had been worshipping":

Russia was on the threshold of victory. indebtedness in gold will weaken you finan- menis represented at the Conference would and of the northern group of Polish first class securities would equal that sum He was used to think that such tu After all her struggles the aus within reach cinly and not help us, and that the trans-

was printed in the European Press, and work harmoniously to maintain the highest armies This is the first step in the re-

percentage on this amount, and the longer recognised that the same kind of story was of the goal. The Germans sent in Lenin, fer of securities has gone about as far as This leaves the situation ideals of the British Empire and further organisation of the Polish Army, French the delay in getting the lenses renewed the spread about in Hungary, when they as poisoned gas in sent sealed in a cylinder, it well can.

officers have Lakes over

all important greater would be the amount of annual established for a short time the republic and ho robbed her of the victory which she definitely on a goods basis, at which it is had all but won, and which she might have hoped, it will remain for the benefit of all rent payable, and that for 999 years. ander Bela, Kua.

concerned. Enlarged importations, it is technical services,"

Mr. Geary Gardner proposed that the On the question of evolution and revolu.shared with us. A million Germana, re Government should be Petit Tintain and bold that I wanted our changes to come loose on the French and British fronts, and plies here, but will tend to hold prices.

petitioned

tion we were at points of difference. Ileased by his act of treachery, were let urged, will not only keep much-needed nap- Canton, to have the matter reconsidered by evolution. He believes capitalism can nearly that number of British and French They should make all the noise they could not be merthrown without force. and enlist the help of all friends they could depend on the Chambers of Coup merce and the China Association, He would suggest that Mr. Perry should be requested to draw up such a petition.

M: Porry asked what the sense of the The Sunday Times says it is definitaly Batente to provide shipping to transformesting was Did the lot-holders object te paying anything for renewals, or were webcled that the Prince of Wales visit to the interned Polish oops to the interior they simply anxious to drive

better bargain? India will be postpoited, unles on his of Germany. return to England he is found

to coment the pood of union between the Alutherland and the, Colonies.

THE PRINCE OF WALES,

INDIAN-TOUR MAY BE POST--

PONED A YEAR.

LONDON, August 15,

to be

From Berlin it is semi-officially stated that the Government has asked the Peace Conferrace speedily to reply to the Gerua request for permission to take Decessary measures to maintain the sentrality of her eastern Trontier and bay requested the

thoroughly fit to undertake the journey. EXPORT OF GOLD AND SILVER

FRENCE GOVERNMENT'S PRO. HIBITORY ORDER.

His Majesty is unwilling to "disappoint India by the suggested substitution of the Dake of York. Therefore, if the tour will be postponed for a year.

GERMANY.

!

Not soldiers are dead or mutilated in

conse

den or reduce them. It is to be hoped," ay the New Fork Lournal of Commerce, that other countries will, in the near future begin to exhibit something like tha "perative power of Great Britain in foreign trade. There, are encouraging indications here and there, but, so far, nothing that seems at all comparable with the power of control and ability to meet

that force will come from the workers, but quence. Instead of victory, he gave will come from those who por the land. Russia shame and inasurable disaster and the capital and the Enaner of the Russia was on the eve of peace. Instead country. They will use force," he said, of peace he gave her strife-strife in every to maintain what they have and the street, however humble, in every district workers" will have to use force against however poor; a strife which goes on gnaw them."!

I argued with him on this point, but" ing at the vitals of the land and of the obligations that exist in England.".

race, and which bas consumed in Russia he is convinced that the Russian revoluat the hands of Russia, more than all the tion came by force, used first against the brave men they lost fighting so stoutly in workers and then by the workers, and that the war, “

NECK OR NOTHING.

The attention of Wallstreet in the past... week has been directed mainly upon the Hepublican Convention in Chicago, and In the discussion which followed it be

with the naming of a strong man to try for came clear that the meeting insisted on capitalism will use it in any other coun-Russia had already gained her freedom. the Presidential chair, financial and busi- renewals as a matter of right. The Bri- try. He argues keenly, frankly, and Sho had broken the shackles of Teardom; ness interests look forward with confidence tish extension bad its 999 years, and the openly, but without heat and by cold logic. she had established her Parliament; she to prosperous times under a Republican old Concession was entitled to the same. I should say he is a very able man, a All the other Concessions had this period dogmatic maa-a man with a purpose and add installed in power politician, as ad. régime, and it was wrong to penalize the original a cold, hard, matter-of-fact policy that raced as any who command the confidence

be understands, On intervention bo was of a Concession. Further, the opinion was ex

British trade union congress... The The following Simla message appear in pressed that the system of leasehold would very plain that the Russians wanted to Tar was gone. The old regime was scat be done away with in England long before interfere with nobody outside Russia, but tered, and a free Russian people took their

(Lines writion on reading "A Pbyni- the Englishman '(Calcutta) :-

the time was up.

he believes they all believe that Russia's stand with the British, French, and Americian's" article in the Daily Express of

Lenin destroyed the Finally Mr. Perry was instructed to example will change the face of the Euro- can democracies. The attention of the travelling public is

June 5th), Russian Parliament. He had the bulk of drawn to the fact that under a law dated draw up a petition on the lines desired in pean situation.

conjunction with the Land Commissioners We argued about the Red Terror, which its members hunted down and killed. He For years I put up with unspeakable dolours the 17th August, 1915 and a decree dated and Mr. R. N. Hewitt, Architect to be he said arose from the White Terror. has robbed his country of victory, peace, and By casing my neck in a vertical collar. the 12th July," 1919, the French Govern.submitted for consideration.

They did. not want to arrest or kill any freedom; and what has he given them in, (Not, be it explained, from an empty ob-

венаіоп, ment probibit the export from France of arranged that the lot-holders would moet Russians, but they were going to defend exchange? Russia, the great food-produc-

all expenses. The notorions General Gallitz created-gold-or silver andney, whether French-or an uproar in the Reichstag by glorifying | Foreign on pain of imprisonment from one the old Army during the debate abolishing month to two years, and a fine of 100 to compulsory military service

UPROAR IN THE REICHSTAG.

BERLIN, July 31st.

This Bocialista stormily intervened, shouting "You murderers have the lives of millions on your consciences."

When the uproar was quelled, General Gallwitz resumed bis eulogies. The whole Right then quitted the ball.

ARCHBISHOP MANNIX,

EMBARKS FOR ENGLAND.

New York, August 1st.

Wild scenes decompanied the embarka

5,000 frades or, of one of these pengitioé, only.In addition the gold or silver money is conį pated together with the means of transport.

It

Was

MUTINOUS SENEGALESE.. REFUSE TO EMBARK FOR: SYRIA.

PARIS, June 13th,

ij

1

the Revolution. They were going to main ing centre of the world, tacked with famine; Bat out of respect for my learsed profes Laib, by force-i-need-be the dictatorship the towns-depopulated to half their numision). of the proletariat.

I wanted to

kaow

bers; the workmen scattered, destroyed, and My clients who viewed that immaculate. about freedom of speech, freedom of the the rest cowed or demoralised; hundreds of column

stiffer."

"I

الروم

of the Press, freesfom of Labour. He thousands of people driven to the woods and Supporting a countenance sober and solemn pointed out to me our Defence of the mountains to form "Green Guards like All said (though in other respects they Realm Regulations in war time, our limita Robin Hood in the Middle Ages; the rail. His fees may be stiff, but his collars are

might differ), tion of the freedom of speech and Press ways on which the whole economic civil- Juring war time, and said they were being gation of these great regions depend sink- warred against, and said the Soviet Goving hopelessly into absolute stagnation." crnment had to overcome spies and coun- ter-revolutionaries. He made no bones about it.

DESIRE FOR TRADE RELATIONS,

Throughout the dog days, were they never

so torrid,

When rivers of moisture ran down from

my forehead,-***

And caused my well-ziponed, complexion is

mottle,

Without the special permission of the

It is reported from Marecillas that twe Ministry of Finance (commission des regiments of Senegalese infantry refused to changes) travellers proceeding abroad are embark for Syria. Their alleged mutinous similarly forbidden to export a sum exceed conduct has been attributed to various ing 1,000 francs per head in notes of the causes-partly to a feeling of homesicknes

NEW MILITARIST MOVE. Bank of France or in foreign bank notes excited by temporary quartering with them He could not understand me being a of an equivalent exchange value (Law of of other Senegales troops who were being pacifist; perhaps nobody can, but "I am,

COPRÍHAGEN, Juno 13th.. Ord Apr, 1918, and order of 3rd July, charged and were returning to their by instinct, if nothing che. As to trade The Lapriyer Vakarung, Independ ID16).

antive land. It in added that the officers relations and peace with Britain, he said eat, has a mentional and circumstantial A concession is made as regards silver had been provionaly warned by the men they had made offers. They could not story of a new militarist move. The reac nor a maximum total of 10 francs that Gobins (Europeans) would come for negotiations. They had flax, corn, tionaries, it says, intend to sing power by Who courbels in summer the total ammission keep on, making offers, but they were ready per head

with embarkation orders, but they (the

I still wore that armour of march raund

my throttle. But since the Express" has produced a

physician

Travellers who do not conform to those Bonegalese)" would not go. The official Plan-gold nd other commodities/menon of the army, and to this end are of coflars from masculine items of clothing orders render themselves liable to impri- explanation denies that the men disobeyed which,they wore ready to exchange; the organising the volnateer corps, all of which I view aucis conventional adjuncts wit sonment and heavy fine

would aves tanke concessions for the sake now supposed to have been disbanded, asipating An exception I made in the case of orders, and declare that the whole-affair of securing pesto esternally, which would a reservy to the Reichswehr, by which, in For now I-caq brandish my one point of tion of Archbishop Mannix aboard the foreign commercial travellers visiting was thorlt of the fact that some of the bring peace internally. They were, how case of need, they are to be supplied with beaty

Franos who may on leaving the country in were shortly due for discharge. Their Baltic, bound for Britain. The Arch-be permitted to export freely any sums representations, it says, are being investi- it the the Polish offensive hed behind arms Reactionary students are stated to Aprize Adam's apple, right mellow and

the Allies, and they could not remove be among those thus enrolled before

fruity; which they deposited on entering the wanted, and their departure han consequently capital punishment for stop a mesto or the election. The paper adds that under this And clients, who flock to my door wébout- bishop was visited aboard by De Valera try as duty on samples or otherwise, even ben postponed for a few drille may imprisonment whilst explosions, fires, tren-movement, which has begun ere being c It in annanced that the Cunard linors when the addition of this sum to the money A. later, memange from

says son, "pies, and espionage were surrounding on all over Germany, volunteers are being Remark, as they leave, “Well, he has got will. abt land passengers a¿ Queenstowney are already carrying, raises the total that the first contingent of Senegalese has them. He was openly, or, as some would ostensibly demobilised, but in reality are

above 1,000 fran

since sailed for Syria.

put it, brutally, frank

{ being formed into reserve units,

a neck!!!

8. J. F. in the Daily ExyweRS.

Comments

Approved members can add comments, bookmarks, and private notes.

No comments yet.

Private Research Note

Private notes are available after approval.