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SEA POWER. NAVAL FORCES UNDER THE LEAGUE.
THE AMERICAN MEMORANDUM.
"writes to The Times;
I have waited to see if some more able person would take notice of the Memoran: dum of the American' Naval Forces, of which you furnish extracts, but neither editorially nor otherwise have I seen any comments upon this paper.
POLISH SETTLEMENT. BITTER ATTACK ON MR. LLOYD GEORGE.
Mr. Frank H. Simmons, the prominent] American journalist, cabling to The mes from Paris, declares that as we approach the end of the Paris Conference it becomes more and more unmistakable that the crowning tragedy of the Con
russ of Vienna is to be repeated. century ago "the conquerors of "Napoleon The Memorandum argues not only the perpetrated the crime against Poland question of the disposal of this German which was contained in the several par ships, but also the need for America totitions begun by Federick the Great in possess a Navy eqpin to that of Great the interests of Prussin. To-day under Britain. In spite of the institution of the the direct impulsion of Mr. Lloyd Lieurge, to safeguard both India and Central League of Nations, the competition in Poland is again to be crificed. In order armamenta is thus to be resumed,
Europe, as well as to do justire to 20 illions of people, the Allied commission resolved on the erection of a strong Poland by fixing the frontiers in such a fashion as to provide & Polish corridor on either side of the Vistula, placing this river out of range of German artillery and giving Danzig and a certain stretch of const unconditionally to the Poles his recommendation was provisionally
Three specific reasons for the need of such a feet are given -
(1)-- The Leagua must be strong enough to restrain the strongest member.
be
(2). An internationai feet cannot strong enough because of difference in training, language, and command.
(3)-There. there must be one single
Grasty, in a Paris despatch to the Yew Fork Times. And in another despatch we read;'
JAPAN'S VICTORY AT PARIS, AMERICAN OPINION ON THE SHANTUNG PROBLEM.
The American delegation regards this agreement as the best possible solution of PIQUANT CRITICISM, Kinochou, the prize of battle which the Far Eastern problema to be obtained Japan wrested from Germany early in the without risking a break similar to that war, will go back to China by Japan's which resulted in the Italian delegation voluntary pledge. Yet Japan with and learing Paris. Confidence is felt that the many observers see it, ip League of Nations will be sufficiently the diplomatic game that has just been strong to safeguard Chinese interests and China fesses, as played out at Paris, says the Ziterary insure the return of all China's rights in The St. Louis Post-Despatch applauds the peace terms of allegonomie "rights, Digest. For the granting to Japan by the Shantung province," titles, and privilegus“ held by Germany Japan for renouncing its Fiume," and
not ar have been denied by those in the Shantung peninsula gives to the the New York Tribune thinks that Japan's Empire of the Mikado, in the words of a request for economic priority" could the provines than could be found in an Entente Powers which in the past "have themselves acquired not only economie Boston editor, a better strangle-hold on
privileges, but also political sovereignty, array of occupation.".
at Thina's expense," Japan's, 'victory
IMPERIEN THE WORLD'S PRACE. The granting of Japan's demands, de clares Mr. L. HHsu, & special envoy from Shantung to the Peace Conference, imperils the pence of the world, for it will entail Japanese control of all forth een China and the establishment of the This would be policy of the open door." ensured, bo explains, by Japan's control
more sentimental than real tar the New Fark World, which thinks that it is the bonour and pride rather than Powers have recognized." the greed of Japan that the Associated
JAPAN'S SIDE OF THE CASE,
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[38
to enforce the mandates of the League with the assistance of the forces of the
League.
Japan's side of the case is clearly stated
these
avenues of traffic in York, he pointed out that Japan has great fines running north and south, the signed as Japanese Minister of Foreign leking Nanking and the Peking Hankow is Speaking last week in New turn Kiaochou to China after it was un- conditionally given to her at the Prace roads."
and northern China will be he pless.
and that she pledged the her hands," he argues, Japan can move repeatedly proclained that she would res troops wherever and whenever she pi
Japan has won the nuet signal, Victory Conferetion,"
same thing in a treaty with China in correspondent of the New York World, May, 1913. He went on to say. of the Peace Conference, afirmis à Paris
The so-called secret treaties entered who points cut that she is not only
but-
further strengthened
China.
¡Continental alliances which should. Mishes but exposé her to immediate and con- then from France, treaties Zinochou to China, but she will undoubt-
the sea.
partments.
that
recognizing
SELF-DETSAMINATION..
We cannot
zenent of everybody, no sooner had Mr. Lloyd George tome to Paris than be I venture to say that a weaker case for demanded, that the Polish solution should the wasting of some bundreds of militons be abandoned. He personally assailed President Wilson who had up to this or pounds as rarely put forward.
the arguments wholly overlook the fact moment, given no attention to the matter, that national strength is not measured in as having sacrificed his principle of self- naries alone. Armies, finance, geographi determination of people because in cur cal position, dependence upon externaltain areas the German population pre suppies, are all factors in a country's vailed. The desire to pincate Germany, tresed in paramonat positior: regard into in 1917 between Japan and her Allies,
to provide peace terms which Germany ing China, but is To assume that a strength or weakness.
was added to the Langue of Nations coven-rights, in Shantung, were nothing hat a struggle between Great Britain and the will accept, the fears stimulated by thr by thegional polises clause which cognizing her right to inherit (iernan ant to protect the Monroe Doctrine. It step toward the fulflatent of that pledge Lague would be decided purely by naval growth of Bolshevism and its advance to action, by a great battle of Armageddon Budapest, saya Mr. Simonds have com between the Heets at ea, is to start from bined to produce the sacrifice of Poland means Japanese evntrol of the Orient which she had given China in the agre
of the western hemisphere, rays a Paris Japanese Government it was necessary the Philadelphia Public for Japan to establish an undisputed right over the German territory before a wholly incorrect basis. Yet this is what to Germany. If Poland does not receive comparable only to American dominancements of 1913. In the judgment of the. the Memorandum doet. Surely the later gateway to the sea then there in a
in which From the beginning
we read anese have he was in a position to restore it to
the War has shown clearly enough that naval chance that the Germans will sign the despatch to strength, invaluable and important as it Pete Treaty If Germany signs the is, is not & accisive weapon unless used treats of peace the political proft is been building steady in a diplomatic way China. Now that the Peace Conference Peace Conference. They used the weak-slightest doubt that the Government of
Y in conjunction with military strangthapparent. Mr. Lloyd George after long toward the result finally achieved in the has granted Japan's wish, I have not this The lessun, it is true, is old enough. The and intricate discussion has succeeded in
Not only will Japan resture statesmen of the 15th century were yeli imposing a solution which in fact will not ness of the Patents and the collapse of Tokio will take steps without delay to aware of it, and based cir policy upon only deprive Poland of her outlets to the Russia to extort, first front England and ward the restoration of Kinochou to the netessary, hilitary strength. Nelson tinuing attacks from Germany. All the Japan's reversionary rights to himself said in 1700 that the English corridor trom the old Russian frontier to possessions in China and in the northern edly enter into hearty co-operation with could not decide the fate of empires on the sea is now to be placed under the Pacific. They have used the same situathe Government and people of China for
Lansing Ishii agrement
In returning Shantung to China Tume, in the face of all control of the Lingue of Nations, which" tion to obtain from the United States the the development of Shantung province. past and present teaching of war, that will delegate some of its powers to Japan's superior interests in the Fur Japan's policy has been influenced by the fear that the Chinese Government may WAS CHINA SACRIFICED I Great Britain by possessing the strongest Poland, but certain areas, including the Eart
"Japan has now used President Wilson's not be able to keep the province-that it Navy could flout the world and put heity of Danzig. will preserve autonomy self above the law is, whatever the Pand sine the League of Nations has no sident may say, neither logical nor reason-method of imposing its decision nor de- need to get a League of Nations accepted any be virtually mortgaged to a third able. In fact, no more illogical a train fending its principles the speedy collapse to obtain a further and more explicit Power, to the detriment not only "of of Manchuria after that territory was re- of reasoning can be employed than that of the Polish corridor must be expected. recognition of the same principle und to China, but also of Japan. which divides war into water-tight com- There can be no mistaking the meaning secure rights which Chinese say mean not help recalling what happened to South
of this sacrifice. More than 20 millions merely domination of a province If the League were opposed to Great et seals will be left at the mercy of the 30,000,000 people, but also, through con- turned to Chins by the Japanese in 1506. Britain, how could she trade? She lives new Germany, without any economic out trol of the railroad running from Peking Scarcely had the ink been dry upon the of the great Chinese. treaty when it was, to all intents and Whenes could apart from that which Germany may to Tientsin, the practical_ by, her overses commerce.
China was sacrificed purposes, surrendered to Hussin." ix plain
Nevertheless-Chinese-public opinion is she draw her supplies, or to who sell grant. for no one can believe that the F** her products? Her Dominions furnish Polish corridor will long stand against that the League might be born," says an much of the raw materials she needs, but the opportunity provided for German hoer of the China Society who is quoted incensed over the way the Peace Confer
despatch to the not all. And does any student of war interference, and the Poles will be driven in a New York
pondent of the New York Wort quotes Peking despatches inform us, and some of imagine that it would be possible for to choose between Bolshevism and Ger Science Murter. And & Paris corres-ce dealt with the Shantung problem,..
member an eminent
of the British peace our papers sympathize with this feeling. Chinese views or self-determination are Great Britain, single-handed against themanism."
delegation as admitting that the settle- world, to preserve the communications
ment was one of expediency rather than much to the point. remarks the Fall Japan, one of the with her Dominiorat if so, sea war must
This unnained British delegate Street Journal.
strongest of the five great Powers, is have undergone, some change since 1914.
granted claims in China which do not For a dozen or sa German cruisers and fort had, well-equipped dockyards and justice. armed merchantmen that were as large private repairing yards within a few compared China to a whit, and went on services of rot fewer than 40 or 50 British smallest appreciation of logistics calcu and Allied cruisers were needed to bring late the margin of superiority needed for them to book. The dozen were without fleet with nothing to fall back upon bases and some fell victims, or were in- but the resources of a foreign yard, or No international Navy, says the paper, of refuge and repair. In a war with the terned, solely because they had no ports with no yard at all!
of getting a fair deal is the operation of that the most lucid statement of China's case is contained in the statement pub- the League of Nations, but, as things lished by China's delegates to the Peac whips would be available to operate of diversity of training and command.
have all the tramp Conference, from which we quote as against commerce from well-situated, do Freely admitting that co-operation is lended, and equipped bases in all the essential in war, let it be pointed out, that I stand, the Japa
follows: JAPAN GAINED ALL SHE BOUGHT. It would be an utter impossibilt.ffects ear co-operate without joining. cards in their
Japan has gained all that she sought ty for Great Britain to maintain a cruiser Co-ordination of action is orded.- In every part of the world Great Britain Heet of the strength necessary to defend would have to oppose a single Power to gain at the peace table,-in-the-apinion for Germany in Shantung is serious be of the Boston Transcript, which regards enough in itself, but it becomes grave Her own battle feet would have
for gitation her trade in sucu' circumstances.
rucial when the position of Japan in southern clause in the League of Nations Manchuria and eastern Mongolia is read To maintain her Eastern possessions dissipated unless she were to abandon the the
smoke as a sort of sm
behind which she in connexion with it. Firmly entrench and trade and to defend Australia Great outer sena; and that would not save her, apanese
остеод Britain would be obliged to detach a fleet for it would mean the strangling of her
her national authority and
water outlet of Peking, with a bold on composed of all c'nases of vessels superior to tras of Japan. To hold Egypt and supply. Each feet of the League would approached her real objectives. Her aim on both sides, of the Gulf of Pechili, the
be acting as quadron of the Allied is to spread
the three trunk lines from Peking and cultural influence over Ching all Eastern the line of sea-communication through Navy, but except in the Mediterranean Asia, and the waters of the Pacific north connecting it with the rest of China, the
Mediterrancan would domand a
no Even there Mediterranean fleet superior to the come there would be no difficulties of training of the equator, thereby consolidating her cápital becomes but an enclave in the
great
midst of Japanese influence. position as the mistrem of the East," or language.
"Moreover, owing to China's declara-. bined fleets of France, Italy and Spain. To obstacle would prevent common and co-affirms this Boston paper.
Japan's gains in Shantung are thus tion of war against the Central rowers cover Atlantic convoys a battle squadron ordinated action. Provided the stoff of
on August 14th, 1917, and the abrogation and constituent vessels superior to the the League acts in wholesome unity, the stated in the official summary of the peace United States Navy would be needed. differences of training and language will terms:
"Germpany cedes to Japan all rights, of all treaties and agreements betwcen The trade from Argentina and Brasil not impede the operations of the several would automatically die, and the porta Beets, until or unless the whole Navy of titles, and privileges, notably as to Kino China and these Powers, the German of South America and on the West Coast the League is forced to concentrate. But chou and the railroads, mines, and cables rights automatically reverted to China.
acquired by ber
treaty with China of This declaration was officially notified to of Africa would furnish bases for cutting the very fact that they were fe British March 6th, 1857, and by other agreements and taken cognizance of by the Allied and into such trade from the East as could concentrate would imply that the And its way round the Cape of Good Navy bad concentrated, had abandoned as to Shantung. All German rights to the Associated Governments. It is, therefore, railroad from Tsingtao to Teinenfu, in-significant that the Council in announc
>ELY:
the 'hristian
between August, 1914, and April, 1915, the hours steaming. Let any one with the tobody cares about a whale. Japan belong to her protests the Washington ...
is like a swordfish; Japan has something ust. And the Sacramento Bee wash whale grows teeth it will have a claim and alleges that her present leaders have to be reckoned with a sword. When the us that Japan is the Germany of Asin, to consideration also, but in the mean- dreams of national expansion not unlike time, as between the two, the swordzish these which obsessed the leaders of Cer
The only hope the Chinese
League, not a dozen but acores of powerful could, cope with the British Fleet because i dominates the situation have left many before the war.. But it is agreed
uce
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"Such a virtual substitution of Japan
This is not all. Fleets need supplies the outer oceans, had lost her trade, and lading all facilities and mining rightsing the settlement of the Kingchou-
was already beaten...
No port abroad is self-supporting for
Diversity of language and command have not prevented co-ordination in the long. So long as communications were
past. Peace was preserved in 1700 by the secure the fleets could be fod, fueled, and anpplied. But will any seaman imagine combined feets of Britain, the United that the communications would be secure Provinces, and Sweden, acting against in such circumstances! With the Medi- the Danes, precisely as a League fleet of terranean closed, and Egypt in the hands today would act against a common male
to
and rights of exploitation, pass equally Shantung question referred to the rights the rights Japan, and the cables from Tsingtao to to be transferred to Japan as Shanghai and Chefoo, the cables bres of formerly belonging to Germany.' all charges. All German state property, movable and immovable, in Kinochon i
of all charges.' acquired by Japan
A COMPROMISE
is
THE WEAKER ALLY.
Amrican paper," that no single Powered to her, feebly and badly as they, co- Hovereignty to China, retaining only Lead, packed with memories of Confucius
over--
"It appears clear, then, that the Coun- cil has been bestowing on Japan the But while all German rights in Shan-rights, not of Germany, but of China;
an more powerful ally has a of an enemy, who could in their factor. The fact that America obtained tang are thus transferred without reserve not of an enemy but reaped l benefit land or ses, for bow long could a fleet her independence is largely due to the to Japan, we
fact that Great Britain could not succeed Press despatch that she voluntarily en-at the expense, not of the common enemy, exist in the Ear East
"Besides, Shantung is China's Holy World interesta demand," says the against the combination of navies oppos gages to hand back the province in full but of the weaker ally.
economic privileges granted Germany, ahall rule the sea against all the Powers."operated. Combination between British This we can most fully agree with; but and amorican squadrons daring-the-re and the right to establish a settlement at and Mencius, and bailawed as the cradle "Japan based its claim for the German the United States not to add one single of both nations, complete and wholly The owners of the railway out of rights in Shantung also on the treaty no single Power can do so. Even were cont war was, we are told by fling officersagt, south of Klochou More of her civilization. unit to her present fleet, it would be a satisfactory; nor did diversity of lang: Kiaochop will use special police only to and Notes of 1915 and the Notes of 191 physical impossibility for Great Britain unge make it impossible to combine the insure the security of traffic. This force with China. It is to be noted, however to rule the sea against the League, to action of British, French, and Italian will be composed of Chinese, with such that the documents of 1915, were agreed t
Japdace instructors as the directors Of
by China under coercion of an ultimatum say nothing of the impossibility of her units in the Mediterranean.
It is stated that the President considers the railway shall select and who are threatening war in case of non-complianc winning a victory over her opponents,
appointed by the Chinese Government. All which is, after all, the essential step for the proposals "logical and reasonable."
"The Notes of 1918 were made by Chin procuring a satisfactory peace. For, let To an ordinary man they appear to be Japanese military fores are to be with- with the twenty-one domanda. it be clearly observed, ruling the sea in-neither. They out the first principles drawn at the earliest possible moment,"
While this settlement is admittedly as the price for Japan's promise to with volves the possession of superior force inof strategy; they are contradicted by the NORMAND
of Shantung, as well as th order that enamy fleets may be kept in experience of over 200 years of war, in compromiss, not all observers toe in it draw her troops, whose presence in th harbour or engaged with success if they cluding the Test four years. It is sin either a sacrifice of China's interests or anterior pentos fupan se civil admini
The put to sea. They will bazo their selected cerely to be hoped that before money is "sweeping victory for Japan. moment, as others have had. We have thrown into the sea in this manner some Japanese may they yielded more than they tration bureaus in the district, he seen the margin of superiority deemed common sense may be substituted for the ever expected to, and are clamorous for aroused such popular opposition that t
ing population," reports Mr. Charles H. make the arrangement.” necessary in home water, where the logic and reason which support this part more territory to feed their rapidly grow Chinese Government felt constrained
of the Memorandum. (Coptised me foot of next column.)
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