1918-08-28 — Page 7

THE

COSSACKS

THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 18ra. 1918.

posed, it is said, in order to rescue the the Caucasian front in his young days. Christian Prines Irani the hands of the His personal impressions, conveyed with the vigour and directness of which he Poslems, and thereby alienated the Khan. A period of turmoil ensued; and when in

was supremely master, present a picture 1831 the Cussucks again net the Poles in that is full of life and the result of acute battle the Khan turned the scales by observation. Referring to the original withdrawing his army at the outset, and settlement of fugitives from religions | Khmelnitsky was severely defeated. This | persecution he writes:-

mature His wife, to whom he was pas blow followed upon one of a domestic

with the fed from her hunt with the trusted steward of his household, He caused them both to be hanged, and, in spite of deepening melancholia, con-

Bariazinski in 1850 the spirit of the moun train tribes was broken, and the Cossack cordon of the Terek and Kouban WIN relaxed; at the same time the practice was introduced of training a certain number colleges of young Cossacks in military coll along with endista intended for the regular Army. In every district of the Caucasian Ever since the Cossack families have as a school for 50 non-commissioned Cossacks, at the time of the Crimean War, kept up their relations with the mountficers, and for the men There was tainers, and the chief traits of their school for 23 non commissionest officers of character are lore of liberty, laziness, brigandage, and war.

In recent times schools for. The influence of

*yunkers have been established Russia has been exercised only in a at Orenburg, at Irkutsk. Stavropol,

wholesale baptism of the inhabitants of with silver heels, trousers wide as the plunder he was also inspired by a devout strong enough to stand alone. After a quartered on him for the sake of protect. Į the descendants and offshoots of the fierce,

Russia.

oppressor.

14

of the

One's eyes, drawn towards the horizon gatherings by the beating of a kind of all bowed their heads and took off their Cossack hetmans were some who attached | civilized Mahomedan virg attained verything to anareby in order that a new

the

collectively

"

upon

peace, but they despised all forms of of many denominations, This parasitic griculture, and even passed a law that cniony was the source of all supplies for As one stands on the high ground at the who tilled the ground and sowed grain theech." which concerned itself solely vourlooking the broad expanse of should be beaten to death. In homesteads with warfare splunder, carousal, and river that winds about the ancient city, and villages dotted here and there upon sport. Arms were the first of all needs; the famous historical events associated the steppes the Zaporogians kept their and two score blacksmiths, hammering on great anvils sunk in the ground, were with this region recur to the mind and wives and families, who were strictly pro

kept continually at work. in the open impel one torvernate the past out of hibited from entering the secli" itself. the fab. Thought, at such times, inflexible law was liable to be led by Hints and steel, casks of curn-brandy the fragmentary knowledge that lies at Any woman who ventured to defy that booths were displayed piles of gunpowder,

pt travel backward through the stoning. The male children usually as and the guily-coloured kerchiefs, as centuries, upproaching with a half-un-soon they attained manhood entered and ane scarlet cloth of the Armenian In times of prosperity the conscious ditidence the borders of the upon the life of the military fraternity,merchants.

generous and free, debatable land between History and Thus, the sons of Taras Bulba has no Zaporogians were Legend. Catherine's gay flotilla passing down thevention at the seminary at Kiev than looted the market-place and maltreated of securing the liberties and welfare of removal of bells, and the presence of settlement; "and in 1890

One way picture the Grent sooner returned from their course of handed, but when evil days befell they centrated his waning forces on the task detrimental way, by forced conscriptions, in short, in every important Cosg

& number of Summoning a general troops quartered among them. The Cissack madets were admitted to the Dnieper when, escorted by her favourite he starts off with them to Kbortitsa. The those who resisted in defence of their his adherents,

wares, Loot on an extended scale was assembly, he urged upon them the ncces-

Cossack inelined to have less detesta-

Nicholas School of Carrys which kill Potemkin, she made a state progress Young men, discarding their students throughout her Southern deminions; or gabardines, appear in all the bravery of the principal object in life of the Cossack,sity of choosing a Suzerain, since it

tion, for the mountaineer who has killed then had been exclusively open to officers Red morocco boots but if he fought mainly for the sake of was apparent the Cossacks were not

bis brother; thun for the soldier who is of the regular casairs. In the meantime, one may strive to realize the scene of the Cossack gala dress.

further period of igdecision the tenter of Kiev by uimersion in the ice-bound Black Sea, with countless faids and adherence to the Greek Church.

The power of the Church was at times their military services was gladly pecept hut with tobacco smoke.

ing his village, but who scents up his wild predators Cossacks of the Don and Dniener, at the command of St. Vladimir, pleats, held up by golden girdles, jackets

He respects his the Dnieper have been attached to their Imperial rulers and pretenders to the of scarlet cloth confined by flowered the only power able to restrain or in-ed by the Tsar of Russia, who on his part mountain enemy; but he disdaine the homestends, and have grown prosperous Crown, Mongol hordes, merchants, nobles, sash into which was thrust a biner of Suence the Cossacks. It is related in the undertook to confirms the Cossacks in soldier, whom he regards as an alien by horse-breeding, by agriculture, and by peasants, pilgrims and Cossucks have Turkish pistols, and at their sides a Russian chronicles that on one occasion their hereditary privileges. They bound

the export of wheat, petrol, coal, anthra when Polotsky, the Polish betmau, had themselves to hold a force of 60,000 men

The height of style eite, and other native products, Educ. passed to and fro on the grent waterway sword or kinjal. On their heads they

among them is to dress like the Circastion is rapidly gaining grond among taken refuge in a small town in the at the Tsar's disposal, to make no treaties wore black sheepskin cups with'n crown that rises north-west of Moscow and falls of cloth of gold. The Ukrainian Cossack Ukraine, he would have suffered death at with foreign countries, and to give asylum the mountaineers: from them as he

sinn. He procures his best weapons from them, and any schools have been started. into the Black Sea. There remain few shaved their scalps all bat one full lock

the hands of the victorious Cossacks but

to no fugitive peasants from Great buys or steals his best horses. The young the tossess showed themselves to be no In the opening days of the Revolution relics of their passage. The Concks

of hair which was sometimes a foot long for the intervention of the Russian clergy. palone are the Eeroes of local traditions,

Cossack prides himself on his knowledge Shortly after the conclusion of this of the Tartar language, and when he desire, and refused to fire an When all the priests in their brilliant

longer the obedient instruments In pears times they drank heavily, and have communicated to the rural pedanced, ang, and played upon an in- gold restments went out to meet the peace. Khmelnitsky died. sad. the on a drunken bout he speaks. Tartar pulations of Southern "Russin something

strument that resembled the modern Cossacks, bearing the holy pictures and rinine was one more plunged into at his brother; and if this petts Chris eople. Since the stirring events of the of their untamed independence of spirit, Russian balalaika. They had neither the Cross with the bishop himself at state of anarchy. The Zaporogians retian population, barriended in a little Jar thes have come to be regarded combined with a sense of the value of barns nor trumpets, but summoned their their head, crozier in hand, the Cossacks mained loyal to the Tsar. but innng the military discipline.

civilizat the world, surrounded by midst of the disintegration of the Russian and by diaries. The Bolshevise dieram Reduce kettle-drum. There may yet be seen at caps. Their daring fell before the Church themselves to Poland, and others to the era, regards itself as by the tapering lines of the suspension-

Khortitsa the hollow trunk of a gigantic of Christ and they honoured their priest. Turks. It was not until some thirty highest degree of culture, looks upon the world way arise has converted few me

Cossack, as lone worthy of the name of bridge across the Dnieper (which at this k known д

cuk." hood. They agreed to release Polotsky, years later that Ruwin was finally con- sncred point is a mile in breath), restos Beneath the shade of the great, tree the after having extracted from him a salenin Frined in the possession of the provinces, man, affecting to lespise everybody else.nome of the disciplined soldiers whose dim perspective of low-built houses on Zaporogians had assembled time out of oth to leave the Orthodox Churches un- of the Ukraine, From this time forward

The Cossack looks upon a womancestors staked their all on freedom and

It is unnecessary En dwell the left bank of the river with level mind to discuss political matters, to

the instrument of his personal comfort.ality. molested, to forsweat the ancient enmity it became the policy of the rulers of grass-grown} plains stretching beyond, drink corn-brandy and join in that and keep the place

Russia to limit the freedom and curb the

As long as she is unmarried she is allow the part played in the Cossacks in the in contrast with the granite cliffs of the

ed to make merry, but once she is a wife sh Russian Revolution, and it is equally use Euch compacts, however, were not last-power of the Cossacks. Revolts, such as strange, wild daner the Kusachka: they

of must put aside the pleasures of youth and to attempt to prophesy their line opposing shore. The Dnieper between dauged there for the last time on the eveing. The memory of past wrongs in that of Mazeppa, were continually break-work even till the end of her days.

tronduct in the immediate future. Accus- Kier and Ekaterinoslay flows eastward of their dispersal by the degree of damned the Zaporoginns ninst the ing out, and were followed by gruel in their relations with the men, theed in some quarters of cherishing reaction through a landscapes of infinite variusy. Catherine 11. in 1775.

Pales, and they retaliated with a vindic prisals and by determined efforts to place women, and especially the girls, enjoy

Jary design and blamed, it may be, in From the deck of a river steamer the Their dwellings consisted of huts builttice fury which spared neither age no; the Cossack forces under Russian military unlimited freedons. The Cossacks subsist others for relinquishing the futile task of traveller, on the one hand, looks up at of hewn trunks of trees and roofed with There is a serne, in "Taras Bulba

control.

largely upon the products of their vine

keeping the Germans at bay unsupported rocky ledges had boulders loosely piled of Tuetur folt These were called which may "hardly be rend without a

"During the war which broke out in yards and fruit gardens, their melon and by the infantry, the Cossack regiments as if flung down by giants at play; on | singly and sometimes

Thudder. It describes the death by slow between Russia and Turkey, result gourd patches, their shing and hunting, appear to be holding themselves in serv the other, the shelving sandy bank lieskurens, and over each group of huts" torture of a young Cossack who has born ing in the Russian conquest of Amor, this their fields of maize and millet, and on waiting the turn of events with a quiet only a few et above the water-level

determination to be masters of their own a betman ruled, over whom a hetman-in- taken in battle by the Poles and whose military fraternity furnished 28,000 men, the spoils of war

The Cossacks'

destinies. Of the various Cossack settle- Then of a sudden the landscape changes, chief, held authority. The huts were

end is witnessed by a vast crowd, among It was at this time the line between the houses are ali raised on posts twe three Breadth of forest intervene, and out of

or white clay. Within doors the walls takes place in an open square in Warsaw,

Cossacks under the command of Marshal with reeds, and have high ridge poles, horders of China to Vilna, and Warsaw, eupolns of a vast monastery: In places were hung, with swords, guns, powder. The windows and balconies of the sur- Munich to kerp the Tarties, at bay. The houses, without exception, are neat that of the Den numbering upwards of 2 single boulder, loosened from the cliff, horns, fishing tackle, and tether-ropes rounding houses are filled with sightseers. During the reign of Catherine the Grent and well cared for, and with their varie two millions) is the richest and most form a landmark to which legend gives with silver plates. A large stove, an

eager to witless the torments of the enp

gated steep gables present a comfortable powerful. Their theories of government, the Zaporogians. who had once more"

and picturesque apperrance,

which appear, roughly, to tally with those name, such as the Bogatyr Kamen, oaken table, and one or two long birchtured Cossack. "Not a cry, not a group become restive, were dispersed by her of Hero's Rock. Close this spot, the wood benches completed the furniture was heard even when they began to break command. The destruction of their

These passages from Tolstoy's "Cowsnekjof the Ukraine, must cunt in the eventual may be taken as still giving a true picture they have offered determined resistance resettlement of Russian affairs, Hitherto story es two old-time Heroes en- The chief attempt at decoration consisted the bones of the hands and fret, nor when,

sech." or fortified camp, was carried

of life on the frontiers of Russia to Bolshevist mandates Will they, while countered each other." The one. Russian, stood on the right bank of the in the holy picture in one corner of the amid the deathlike stillness of the crowd, cut with little difficulty by Russian Europe with minor differences, due infusing to acept anarchy as "the mother Dnieper, the other, a Turk, on the left room. Sometimes, however, the oak table the horrible crackling was nudible to regular troops, 45 large numbers of part to the Russian conquest of the

was rudely carved with a figure of Christ the most distant spectators." The ter Zaporogians had already withdrawn into Canensis in part to the changes effected in one form of monarchy, or will they of arder." become instrumental in revic- Each claimed the surrounding country for on the Cross The Cossacks, unlike the rible ordeal is fulfilled; and the father, arta villages. Those who laid down by the autoerney in the constitution of the prove themselves true to the spirit of their his own, and a nether would give was Catholic Poles and the Mahomedan having endured an agony equal to his their arms were treated with lenience Cossack fores, in part to a process of forlaars by supporting eder and ubedi. they agreed to settle the dispute biTartars, helninged to the Creek Church son's, returns to his sech with an and permitted to keep their land, others mental evolution which has materially free low wink with the fructom trial of strength. They broke off pieces and counted among them many of the unquenchable thirst for sengeance on his migrated to Turkey, to the shores of the affected the attitude of the Cosmicks them and brotherhood of 'n well-balanced of rock of equal size and burled them Old Believers who suffered persecu-eneries, Before Taras Bulba himself falls Sea of Azov or

selves towards the Russian people. to the valley of the

denceracy! The latter appears the more "to the opposite sides of the stream. Linn At the hands of the Metropolitan into their hands he has forced the Poles Kouban: From these latter was drawn

When Shamil, the Murid chieftain, was probable forecast,--Timed "Literary Sup- When the Turk threw his stone it fell in Nikon. In every "seel" stood a chari to expiate thousand times their in the Black Sea regiment in 1792, which finally defeated and gave himself up to, plemeat. the water near the shore, but when the of which the services nere conducted by human treatment of their Cossack, prison- distinguished itself two years later in Russian threw his it fell on dry ground close to his adversary. The Turkish hero priests who came from the mainlanders.

[several times a year, This Cossacks made The Ukrainian Cossacks' were allied the war with Poland. At the close of then confessed himself outdone. and rich offerings to their churches, and in with

the eighteenth century the Zaporoģinaų the Lithuanians,

when and shouted across the river: Aa this is

around their memory already tradition so, the land is yours to inhabit, and any Ukrainian towns one finds bells, Lithuania was united to Poland, in 1365 sath had practically disappeared, and. th that he went his way while the cons, vestraents, and ecclesiastical vessels the alliance held good as regards the bad begun to weave the fabric of romance. Russian hero remained in possession of Presented by Cossack hetmans." The icons Poles. But in course of time the militaryIt was said of them, as, of the mythic power of the Cossacks aroused the fears heroes of the Kievan cycle that they of the Polish kings: the Polish nobles

were skilled in magic arts. When they few exceptionally interesting specimens complained that their runaway derfs took with groups of Cossacks gazing up at the refuge in the Ukraine, and religious approached a treasure-chest it opened of itself: they could plunge into water and Virgin in devotional attitudes, and with differences the Poles being Rontan

twenty languages; they had glass inscriptions such as "We pray thee cover Catholics helped to embitter the feeling rome out dry; they could speak in nominate their hetman was arrogated by thousand miles off. In vain the Empress Schurch and the "kurens," in which a flang into the water floated on the island number of men lived together, there were the King of Poland, who also tried to which still keeps the name of the god nuts of a superíer kind for the hetman in impose the Catholic faith upon them. Catherine 11.) tried to exterminate them in remembrance. Beyond Ekaterinoslay chief and the military chancery, but it The Cossacks revolted, and with inter imprisonment, by drowning, by put ting them to the sword. At length--the wallow bed of the river is strewn with was customary for the betman of the vals, during which war was waged a legend runs-the Zaporogians themselves,

kurens to eat at a coinmon table with the Turks and Tartars, the disenrd, be formidable docks, long chains of reefs bar the members. These communal meals tween Poland and the Cossacks continued weary of perpetual conflict, and discour it almost from shore to shore, and thick were usually plain and frugal, but heavy for nearly one hundred years, culminat aged by the continued hatred of men, growths of vigorous, water-plants rise high from among them.

drinking bonts followed after successful ing in the submission of the latter to the resolved to put an end, to their existence. Portages are

Tar Alexis Mikhailovich in the rear They rode in a body to the Pugach rock, which rises precipitously 173ft. above the are, and navigation is dificult and raids and victories) and the Cossacks in

tinuos were slothful and idle. 1651.

1-tr bunk of the river Boug. The hetman dangerous. In the troublous times when peace

A recapitulation of the unceasing war first dismounted crossed himself turn. Bouthern Russia was continually beset Hence the ease with which the Tartars an

fare previous to that time between the ing east and west and north and south, hy Turk and Tartar, and menaced by many occasions surprised the camp and

Cossacks and the Poles, Turks, Tartars,

advanced to the rock and struck it with Poland and Lithuania, the islands of the enried off herds of sheep and oxen.

The principles of democracy existed

and Russians would profit little; bat might. leaving a clear imprint of his Dnieper, shielded from attack by these

some account of the famous hetman hand upon it. Let all men know what natural barriers, became the campaign in these primitive conditions among men ground of bands of freebooters who grid who were chielly drawn from the pro-Khmelnitsky (by whose counsel the Con

manner of hetman the Záporogians had.? uully formed themselves into the warlike vinos of the" Ukraine, but to whose sacks of the Ukraine placed themselves His followers likewise saluted the stone, under the suzerainty of Russia) may serve remounted their horses and rode to the coumaunities known by the Tartar name standards there came recruits from many

more distant parts of Russin, besides pristo elucidate certain obscure features of edge of the cliff, the betman at their head. of Kazak, or Cossack..

the situation. Bogdan Khmelnitsky was

What feats of horsemanship: he per The Cossack of the Ukraine (Little oners and refugees from Lithuania and Russia) descended the Dnieper in a series Poland. The idea of equality prevailed

1048. He was Lithuanian by birth and had to the island in midstream, and from of migrations, moving always towards in all their institutions: The hetman, tected beton by the Zaporogians in formed! How he leapt from the cliff on received what was then considered a thence Splash splash! down to the the "river's mouth. At an early period though his authority was accepted, more

1 monastic bottom of the river and the remaining of their history their principal head- especially in time of war, held his officeiberal education, art at quarters were established at Old Samar, only by the will of the community; and ut the junction of the River Samara with if he were to enter on & campaign against school at Kiev, and later from a priest Cossacks after him. And now they are the Dnieper. On an island close by stood the wishes of the majority he was liable of the Jesuit order. Besides his native still swimming-about under water unseen Turkish and French. Entering the looks down as of old on the roaring the great Sanmar monastery, which po to find himself deserted and.reduced to tongue he knew Eatin and Polis, by men, while the lonely. Pugach Rock

Cossack Army, in which his father had foaming river. essed the somewhat untisual privilege of the position of a solitary fugitive In performing marriage rites. Raided in early days, on Khortitsa, it happened been a lieutenant, he took part in the

Turkish war in 1820-1, He was taken In the meantime the Cossacks of the turn by Russians, Turks and Tartars, it occasionally that the Zaporoginas de- posed their leader with scant ceremony

prisoner by the Turks, and remained for Don, reinforced from time to time by survived its vicissitudes throughout many and elected a substitute from among two years in confinement at Constar contingents from the Ukraine and large generations, and finally regained in some

There themselves. Such a scene is described in degter its original prosperity.

Taras Bulba. At the sound of the tinople. On regaining his liberty he numbers of the "persecuted Old Believers, joined the Zaporogian Cossacks, who became so numerous and powerful as to at Old and New Kodak, near the site of drum, which was used as a summons, the under his leadership successfully raided: be a frequent source of anxiety to the were also powerful Cossack settlements the modern town of Ekaterinoslav, and Cossacks poured out from their huts to

returned home laden with rich booty, six fortified places, among them the town on various islands of the Dnieper.. Of gather together in the open square Last Turkish towns on the Black Sea coast and Imperial Government. In 1570 they held these the most celebrated in story and came the headmen, of whom there were

service under the King of Poland, but of various 'pretenders, such as the false. formidable in warfare were these who four, bearing the insignia of their dit home eight or nine years later he took of Cherkask. They supported the claims in his absence from home his wife was Demetrius and Pugachev whose rising settled on the island of Khortitsa; and ferent offices. Amid & violent aproar became known a Zaporogians (from and blows freely interchanged a new chief carried off and one of his sons killed by seriously threatened the throne of Cathe Polish noble named Chaplinsky. rine the Great-and, on the other hand, "Za porogi," "beyond the cataracts").was elected, the remaining oficials humbly Rising in precipitous walls and jutting offering to resign their positions, which, Unable to obtain redress he returned to they fought for Russia against the Poles ledges, from the encircling, Dnieper, the however, they were permitted to retain the Cossacks, of whom he was now the and Turks, and helped to wrest Azov granite steeps of Khortits formed Such a system was in direct contrast with natural ramparts around the Sech the autocratic government of Russia,recognised leader in spite of his refusal from the Crimean Khan. The unsuccess which from the reign of Ivan 111 on, of the title of betman, and endeavoured, ful revolt of Maseppa subjected them to (or fortified camp).

the Tartar Khan of the Crimea. There Great; but although their political free A vivid sketch of the Zaporogion campwards tended more and more towards de unsuccessfully, to make an alliance with cruel reprisals at the hands of Peter the is presented by Gogol in the tragic tale spotism and centralization. It may be of Tiras Ruba Gogol. himself anzarded that the determined efforts of ensued a long series of wars with Poland, dom was curtailed their prosperity, aris Little Russian, has drawn thereckless, the Tsardom to repress and subdue the the Khan throwing his weight now on ing from flocks and herds, from river dauntless, marauding Cossack of the Cossacks were stimulated less by the one side, now on the other. Early in the traffic and the mineral riches of the Dea Dnieper with the sure touch of genius. desire to establish law and order among campaign the Poles sustained an over country, continued to advance. The vine. tion of Little Russia rose in revolt banks became a farther source of wealth, He gives life to the bare bones of history, then than to exterminate the germs of whelming defeat, and the entire popular yards planted by Peter along the river against them. Khmelnitsky, who bad and in addition they turned to agricul He avails himself of the romantic writer's democracy.

But. in spite of the drastic measures been moved by his personal wrongs toture At the same time they suffered claim to 'chronological licence, and has the

take up arms against Poland, now found the loss of much of their former inde- gift of picturing the past and giving it taken by Ivan IV, by Peter the Great, atmosphere. Like all Cossacks, this com.and Catherine II, the Cossacks have himself at the head of a vast political pendence. Peter abolished their ancient munity of fighting-men was in no sense hitherto enjoyed an approach to automovement which swept him along in apite right to elect their chief, and nominated a permanent hotman, Portions of their atribe or race apart. They were drawn nomy far exceeding that accorded to any of himself." In 1648 he again inflicted a from many sources, and any man might other inhabitants of Russia. The ideals crushing defeat on the Poles, after which territory were incorporated with the thecome a Zaporogian by passing certain of liberty, equality, and fraternity che be tried to induce his Army to return Rurgian Empire, and an aristocratio tests, one of which consisted in steering rished by the Zaporogians of Khortitsa home. The Zaporogians, however, being element, whose interest it was to pro- a boat down the rapids that lay between have never been wholly eclipsed. To reflushed with victory, insisted on march pitate the Tear, arose in the persons of Ekatorinoulay and Khortitsa. They did tarm, however, to the island republic as it ing upon Warsaw, and laid waste the the starshinas," from whose ranks it not disdain to turn fishermen in times of appears in the pages of Gogol, Outside surrounding country. During an engage hecame customary to choose the hotman. the confines of the "sech," the suburb: ment, in which the Tartar Khan fought The free democratic Cossack system of Taras Balba. and other Stories, by teered with a motley crowd of Tartars, on the side of the Cossacks, Khmelnitsky, election was at an end.

In one of Tolstoy's early essays in Nicolai 7. Gogol, (Everyman's Lib. Armenians, and Jews, followed the call seeing that the King of Poland was in

ings of tanners, blacksmiths, and traders danger of captura' by the Tartars, inter literature he describes the Cossacks en rary. Deat. I. Gd. net)

the dense foliage rise the white walls and thinly coated inside and out with red whom is his aged father. The execution Don and the Duieper was first held by fut from the ground, are neatly thatchediments, extending from the Amur on the

the soil. A small rock-bound island south are in most cases single representations of this spot is known as Peroun. It is of the Virgin Mary, but there are also a said to have been the final resting-place of the wooden tange of the chiet deity of pagan Russia, which Vladimir, on his conversion, cast into the river. being or wood it drifted ashore, and when again with the holy mantle. Besides the on both sides. The Cussuck right to through which they could see objects a

extends succession of cataracts.

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