1918-08-27 — Page 6

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NAV.

THE CONDUCT OF THE WAR. METHODS WHICH HAVE STOOD THE TEST.

(BY MAJOR-GENERAL SIRF MAUKICE} Under the title Government and the War" Professor Spenser Wilkinson has published a number of lectures and papers dealing with the higher conduct of war, some of which have appeared separately before and during the war, while others now so the light for the first time

BRITAIN'S ASIAN EMPIRE. THE AGA KHAN'S VISION OF THE

FUTURE OF INDIA.

The Aga Khan is the bend of the Ismaili!

his followers are found in Enst. Africa Alahometans. He lives in Bombay, butj

and Central Asia, as well as in India. Ho is a prince whose loyalty to the British Empire has been abundantly proved. He is in the early forties, a man whose cul ture is both Eastern and Western. and who has travelled everywhere, talked to everybody, listened and remembered. The result of his travels and his varied knew. ledge and experience is a book, India in Transition" (Warner, 18%), which, coming at this moment, is certainly a re markable and valuable polisical document.

Afr. Spenser Wilkinson is known to the public as the Chichele Professor of Mary History in the University of The author says:" In early life I Oxford, and as the strategical counsellor Indian Mahometan of means or infipence thought that the noblest ideal for an and guide of his friend Sir Charles was to work for the education of his Dilke. To soldiers he has long been horizon of service broadened, and the Islantie brethren, he grew older, the As known as the exponent of the principles Aga Khan devoted himself to improv which are the basis of Germany's militarying the conditions of the depressed classes. strength, and as a strenuous advocate of the new India the old religious feuds ever Irrespective of their religious beliefs," In the adaptation of these principles to our' own policial institutions,

Count for less." "A Moslem ruler. like the Niza of Hyderabad, is respected and There are many who regard the Geriun loved by his millions of Hindu subjects, General Staff systect as an essential part while there are Hindu princes, such as of the accursed things, Prussian milithe Maharjas of Gwalior and Kolhapur tarism and Prussian junkerdom, and as (to mention only two names), whose such to be shunned like the plague. Mr. almost filial affection and veneration.

Mahometan subjects look upon them with Spenser Wilkinson shows us that in principle it is nothing of the kind, based which he loves and finds it still the victim

The Aga Khan looks

the country as it is upon organization. which have of poverty and ignorance. stood successfully the hard test of war.

He admits, without any qualification, the_many fine The last four chapters in this book are achievements of British rule. He is enger especially worthy of the attention of the that India shall remain for all time with- anny whom recent events ie the frant in the British Empire. He repeats over have set, wondering whether all is well and over again that ladia will need for with er own methods. In these chap-generations the guiding band of the Bri- ters are traced the efforts of our Gov. tish. But the poverty and ignorance can- ernments to organize themselves for the not be ignored. conduct of war: there is no condemnation of this or that party, all alike are found wanting in varying degrees and with just entise

nt

SOCIAL NEEDS.

Only 8 per cent. of the Indian people live in the towns. The great majority are illiterate peasants, " ill-clad villagers, men, women, and children, thin and weak, und made old beyond their years by a Aga Khan wants to bring these millions life of underfeeding and overwork." The into the sun, to teach them to rend. to scientifically, to wake India Field the teach them how to cultivate their holdings crops that she should yield. to change ber into a land of happiness and prosperity.

The Aga Khan has studied Constitu.)

the foolish belief that salvation must come from a vote. He declares, indeed, that "parliamentary government, ac far; has beco markedly successful only in countries of relatively small area. He advocates for India a federal system. Each pro-

THE WAR AND CIVILIAN CONTROL. Neither Mr. Spenser Wilkinson tor any other wathority who has studied the question desires to weaken or supersede the ultimate and supreme control by the civilian statesalen of the confluer of war. He and all who have studled war deeply desire not to weaken but to strengthen civilian control, nad to give Afinisters something better than the patched-uptions and system, and he does not share: machinery, the gradual putting together of which is described in this book. Mr. Wilkinson cardially approves of the re- constitution of the General Staf, which took place at the end of 1916, and of the Order-in-Council which charged its Chief with issuing the orders of the Govern-yince should have a Parliament; the ment in regard to military operations,chise to represent the different races and Lower Chamber elected on a limited fran. This instruction has since been cancelled, and orders now once more go out to our

communities, "with members nominated armies in the name of the Secretary of by the Governor to represent the lower State for War: Mr. Wilkinson does not castes; the Senate partly" nominated and

partly European, with

representatives of in this booke explicitly condemn this step. municipalities, Universities, and chwood, bat he has expressed his opinión of it commerce. These Parliaments elsewhere. Briefly, he stands for the he claims, have the merit of truly re-

main principles

Moltke Hecting Indian conditions of today. developed partly from his own experi- The Parliaments would legislate and con. ence, and more from his study of Napo trol finance, but the Ministers would be leon's methods. They are first the sepa- chosen by the Governors, who should some.

two

which

CO., LTD. ration of responsibility for command and times be Indians. The Aga Khan makes

FROPOSED BAILINGS FROM HONGKONG (SUBJECT TO ALTERÄTION).

FOR

SHANGHAI via Swarow and Foochow MANILA

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BANDAKAN 2, MANILA

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"WINGSANG" ...Wid, 28th Aug. Dlight. *YUENBANG.Fri, 80th Aug. 3 p.m. "MAUSANG Wed, 4th Sept, Noon. "LOONGSANG". Fri, 6th Sept. 3 pm.

CALCUTTA LINE-This Line is temporarily disorganised owing to the war, but at

present a monthly service is maintained with Calcatts by the as. * KWATSANG and “VITIM,” Calling at Singapore and Ferary. The former vessel has excellent passenger accommodation, is fifted with Electric Light and Fans, and carries a fully qualified Surgeon

-1

SINGAPORE LINE. The LE VAN WAERWIJCK" leaves for Singapore approxi mately every fortnight. This vessel has excellent accommodation for First-class and is fitted throughout with Electric Light and Fans and also carries a passengers, fully qualified Surgeon. SHANGHAI LINE:-Sailings approximately every fre days between Canton and

sometimes calling at Swatow. Shanghai,

Steamers on this line have a limited amount of passenger accommodation, and through tickets can be obtained for Northern and Yangtzzo Ports via Shanghai. Through Bills of Lading are issuedi to all Northern and Yangiare Ports.

HANILA LINE-A weekly service is maintained with Manila, by vessels with good

passenger accommodation, sailings from both ports every Friday.

HAIPHONG LINE: Sailings approximately weekly for passengers and cargo, calling

at Hothow when inducement offers.

BORNEO LINE:-One sailing per month between Hongkong and Sandakan by a

steamer having up-to-date accommodation for passengers.

Cargo takon on through Bills of Lading for Kudat, Jesselton, Labuan, Tawao und Lahad Datu

TIENTSIN LINE-A regular service is run from March to October between Hong-

kong and Tientsin, calling at Weibaiwel and Chefoo

UNDER STRAITS GOVERNMENT PASSPOFT REGULATIONS. All European Fassengers, leaving the Colony for Straits Settlement, are required to produce on arrived at destination passporta with their Photographs and description Affixed thereto.

For Freight or passage, apply to

JARDINE Telephone No. 915.

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administration, and secondly unity of the interesting suggestion that notably advice to the supreme authority in theable reigning princes should be invited State upon naval and military ques. to leave their own kingdoms to be pro-

vincial Governors for a term.

tions.

"

The central Government would, under The chief of the services of naval and the Aga Khan Constitution, consist of the military administration are the First Viceroy and his Ministers and an Im Lord of the Admiralty and the Secre- perial Senate, something on the lines of tary of State for War; the chiefs of the the German Bundesrat, on which all the fighting side are the First Sea Lord and provinces and native States would be re- the Chief of the Imperial General Staff. presented. The Aga Khan dreams of a Mr. Wilkinson shows how the attempt to greater India, a confederation of Asian combine command and administration. States under the British flag. He believes that is, the functions of Chief of Staff that in a few years Afghanistan, Persia, and of War Minister, in the person of

and Mesopotamia would send their dele- Lord Kitchener broke down from over gutes to the Imperial Senate at Delhi, as centralization. He pleads with now well as East Africa, which he claims ledge and authority for the separation of should be regarded as an Indian colony.

This is a bald summary of an absorb those functions, for placing the respon sible saldier and the responsible sailor in The author is always moderate

ingly interesting and comprehensive book. direct touch with the head of the State, ble.

and reason- and objects to the presence in the War with a rare faculty for appreciating other He writes without prejudice and Cabinet of Ministers having no depart-points of view.. Of course, he will not ments to supervise.

obtain universal agreement, but he will certainly aggravate thought.-S.D.

cap.

So far I am at one with him. The present War Cabinet.,as the report of work for 1917 shows, has to control and supervise à large number of Government departments, inany orly very indirectly

A LUCKY OFFICER. concerned with the conduct of neval and military operations; it has had to deal Princes Street in Edinburgh passed an An Australian soldier walking along or is still dealing with such complex officer smartly dressed in kilt and diced questions as Women's Suffrage, Propor

He looked at him, and codded tional Representation, Home Rule for pleasantly, as if to a friend. The officer, Ireland, and the government of India, to noticing the neglect of an Army order, name only a few members are not stopped free to give undivided attention vaging not a the man and inquired why beplied war and not being in intimate touch the Anzac; had you been anybody but with the great war departments have a Jock I would not have recognized you neither time por opportunity to make at all.” “ themselves fully acquainted with the multifarious factors which require con- sideration before a correct decision, on questions of naval or military policy can be given. Thus, we are again suffering from the evils of overcentralization, and. are combining in one authority what is virtually the supreme command in the war with the general administration of the Empire,

* VALUE OF THE SMALL CABINET.

14

Our difficulties have arisen ant because military advice, but because, as the re- Ministers take too little naval and

ports of the Dardanelles and Mesopo- mach, and take it without system temia Commissions show, they take too

If Ministers seek advice on the conduct of the war from a number of soldiers and sailors, taking this man's advice on one A small Cabinet concerned only with point and that man's on another, they the conduct of the war, and consisting soldier's power of expressing himself and are impressed chiefly by each individuat under the presidency of the Prime of urging his views, and not by the one Minister, of the heads of the great de partments of War, Navy, and Foreign consideration which gives the advice Affairs, would not only have first hand value, namely, whether it is the result of knowledge and authority, but could give the factors involved in the problem in careful and detailed examination of all its whole, time to the task of winning the war. To these Mr. Wilkinson would add question. Only the soldier with the as members. of the Cabinet the fret, Sea machinery at his disposal to enable hini

conduct Lord and the Chief of Imperial General

such examination can Staff. I do not agree that this is either prepare advice as it should be pre- necessary or desirable. If these two high pared. The others may occasionally be officers attend every meeting of the small right; they will more often be wrong.

The principles of separation of re- Cabinet and are recognized as its sole responsible advisers on naval and mili-sponsibility for command and adminis tary affairs, the object which Mr. Willin-tration and of military advice from, 'one, son has in view will be attained without responsible authority having at his dis- the doubtful expedient which has rarely posal organized machinery" for its pre- in our history proved successful, of turn. paration, are those upon which our chief ing soldiers and sailors into Ministers of enemy has long waged war, and waged it Siste.

successfully. There are no others which have stood the test of war in like manner-Daily Chronicle.

(Continued at foot of next Column.)

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