1918-08-23 — Page 7

LEAGUE OF NATIONS. GOVERNMENT CONSIDERATION. - INTERESTING DISCUSSION IN THE LORDS.

་་

In the House of Lords on June with a debate took place on the motion of Lord

Parinoor

That this House approves the prin- ciple of a League of Nations and the Ponstitution of a tribunal whose orders shall be enforceable by an adequate sanction."

THE

HONGKONG . DAILY · PRESS, FRIDAY, AUGUST 23RD, 1918.

pot stereotype the existing condition affairs. They could not to repeat a famous phrase, set bounds to the march of a nation." The fast was therefore that a League of Nations presupposed as. condition of its being set up a certain quity and stability of condition. could only in Europe get this as a result of were deleated in the present war, and if

victory in the present war. This league

If we Germany were, for instance, to retain the Lorraine, how could we possibly, by any West western provinces of Russia, or Alsace

States the opportunity to recover thair. ixed or stereotyped scheme, deny to those freedom in the fature

Germany. These States numbered from twenty to, thirty. Again, there was in existence at Paris machinery by which the representatives of four of the most im of those States Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States--had already taken common action in respect of military and naval matters, of finance, possessed its own armaments, placed of shipping, and of food. under one single commander. It was true that both these them aggregated 700,000,000 of people-he leaguos, which between was only including the four great States to which he had referred, and not in

not represented or the other Allied States not at Paris-which embraced two-fifths of the human race." True, thote leagues had been designed for the prosecution of the war, but in the last resort they might be useful for the maintenance of peace.

In one respect, in so far sa the various proposals contemplated a more consistent

INTERNMENT CAMPS.

VISITS TO PRISONERS. Remarkable evidence was given at a gen. eral court-martial at Pontefract Barracka on June 18th in which the quartermaster camp, Lieutenant Albert Canning, of the at Posthouse Park, Wakefield, interument

various breaches of conduct alleged to Special Army Reserve, was charged with

be prejudicial to good order and military' Then the question of sanction must being the commandant of the camp, Lieut.-- discipline in the camp, and with disobey- somewhat closely scrutinised. The two forms suggested had been that of economie Colonel G. F. Haines, Pressure, or boycott, and that of the use of force. In theory economic pressure, wan,

of course. the easiest method to adopt, and it would seem prima facis

Evidence given by the commandant was to the effect that a discussion arose" at

do now was to embody in a declaration tion of recognised rules of in applicato be likely to be the most effective. Then the camp on May 10th on the subject of

Viscount Bryce thought the motion went a little further into detail than was Deces

All they required to sary at the moment.

their approval of the principle. The one practical niggestion that had been made was the proposal that there should be some sort of combination of peace-loving

*

States, which could agree to set up nadjof work no sanction was required, and i misted from lending her capital or from

maintain a machinery by which war might be averted in the future. This idea had received the aequiescence of nearly all the ebief statesmen if the Allied countries and of many outside, but the plan had remained vague. It had been an idea, an aspiration. According to the speech of n high authority in Germany, there was not uch hope held our that the Lierman

Government were likely to agree ti renson - able teras which would ensure peace in the future. In conclusion, Viscount Bryce moved an amendment to the resolution, making it real:

tion "

„GOVERNMENT IN EARNESTO

You have

law in the ordinary international dis suspended commercial intercourse with the visits of Mrs. Leverton Harris, the putes, they were merely an extension of the offending nation. They stopped her wife of an M.P., to Baron Leopold you the principle of arbitration which had They prohibited

imports

and exports as far as they could. Plessen. Mr. Canning said, already made such progress during the

communication by tele last twenty or thirty years. For that kind graph, by telephone, by post, by railway, only to be a baron, in this camp to get

by wirelesa telegraphy with her. They preferential treatment." did not much matter if they were going

Witness asked, By whom? They blockaded her By you. You are always breaking the to extend the principle of arbitration Paying her debts.

and Mr. Canning said, consta. A good many of these expedients what tribunal they appointed.

we had adopted, almost the whole of them

regulations.

Mr. Arthur Willer, of Leeds, for the we were practising in the present war defence, cross-examined the commandant war: they had not, at any rate at pre the They did not succeed in preventing the on the circumstances attending visits to doubted very much whether, if Germany ed. The visits had been allowed under sent, curtailed its duration.

He denied that letters and camp. But he

parcels bad gone into the camp uncensor-

RENDERING WAR RISKY

if not imposible, at any rate more di War, the consequeLces, commercial, finanoffeer. It was because there was a short-

But they wanted to look forward to with the constitution of tribunals that something beyond arbitration; to den! would not merely settle disputes as they arose, but as far as possible Fender war, culs and more risky in the future. In the last resort they must contemplate the use af force, in other words contemplate bar ing some sort of sanction in the back- ground.

cial, and otherwise, which would be en tailed upon her by two, three, or four years of war, she would have been as eager to plunge in as she was.

to the question of force, some people imagined that they could set up an in

was a regulation that visits within the age of officers. Witness admitted that it

camp could only be allowed under the some correspondence he had had with supervision of an officer," and spoke of att ile Home Office relating to visits of Mrs. Leverton Harris. This The ice wrote, and she is applying for

which no hostilities were to be permitted. a force would have to be so predible, as no visits were allowed without

with

The two forms of sanction suggested in of set:mg upon international polity, with rich and Count Nettenblad,

To

In there aches he found a general con tercational court--or a super-national currence in certain features:

First, in the institution of a court or art, as he supposed it ought to be called lady is the wife of an M, P." the Home:

with an international police. This House approves the principle conference or tribunal to which all the powers in general under these suggestions permission to visit Baron von Plessen of a League of Nations, and rommends signatory' parties pledged themselves to were to retain only such forces as the but she wants special facilities to the effect to his Majesty's Government a study of refer their disputes before going to war; Court might decree. The whole of them to the conditions required for its realisa-

terium for delay pending decision, during and if that were so it was clear that such wish the time to be circumscribed.

Secondly, the imposition of a mora- be at the disposal of the central tribunal, that she is not to be supervised. Sho wishes to see him alone, and she does not and any Power commencing or continuing in numbers and in the other

Wit. nes replied that this Earl Curzon said the den of a League hostilities was to be regarded as an offend of strength as to exercise an overwhelming

was impos af Nations was very familar to students ing party; and

superority over any offending

He refused to grant the Thirdly, the existence of a sanction for whom it might have to deal. de doabtedl

supervision. of the past. It had played a great part in the thought and literature of the six-

en forcing the decrees of the supreme body not merely the wisdom, but the

Willey Did you get similar orders teenth and seventeenth centuries, and hnd

to two other prisoners Been advocated by many authoritative and Previous debates were

the use of the attempt at this stage to construct a hard who were both visited by ladies under

Count economic boycott and the application in and fast judicial system would only be special facilities and without supervision? learned men. Itshad also been tried in practice. They had had at different times the last resort of force.

The difficulty attended with failure, and if they failed No, not without supervision. in history a number of leagues of nations, which confronted one on

the threshold they would not only destroy the chances the last of which, the famous Holy Alls for the international court of con-

of the scheme which they might be trying Plassen without the presence of an offi

Did Mrs, Leverton Harris ance of 1915, foundered ingloriously upon ference to consist of all the Great Powers to construct, but might throw back the the rocks, for reasons. with, which they Lord Parmoor had argued that the enemy movement for generatings.

cer - cannot remeniber. were all familiar. Nevertheless, in spite owers must be admitted on the ground of all these failures, the conception had that the people who we wanted to subject stendily survived, and he did not think it to the compulsion of this tribunal were an exaggeration to say that to its prin those from whom violence and force might ciples the great majority of thinking men

be expected in the future herause they had in all nations were converts. What the shown.it in the past. Lord Lansdowne, noble Viscount had said was quits German good faith. or in the signature had expressed bis complete disbelief in the conversion of the world had no doubt teen hasteurd by the intulerable sufferings to any document of the German name. of the present war. Man's spirit revolted but, at the same time, argued for the against the repetition of those atrocities mately, of the enemy Pawers in such n

inclusion, if not now, at any rate gif and crimes, and we were hopeful that those who would follow us would be free

me. Logically, "of

course, if this from those sufferings. Hence, it was true

was to be an effective League and that the idea of a

TWO PROPOSITIONS.

The two propositions to which he would like to ask their lordships assent were these te

In the 5rst place we wanted to do something to prevent wars, or, if that was too Utopias an inspiration, to re duce the number of wars, to limit their scope and to diminish their horrors. of nations was necessary, and if it was this purpose a general concurrence to he effective it ought ultimately, to in clude all the important nations and States

the world.

see Van

Did not Lieutenant Canning argue on the first occasion that the visit of these ladies should not be allowed i It is per fectly possible that his did, but I cannot remember.

When you got these, extraordinary re- quests from the Home Office did you not. write to, the War Offer to see what was going on Yes, I believe I did.

After receiving a letter from the War them, that a tady and her maid, living Offer stating that a report had reached

at the Queen's Hotel, Leeds, had been alowed to enter camp, witness wrote to SOT that

it was evidently, another

a League of Xations bad carry out the objects they all had in view, of the rond consideration was this: mare's-nest. and asked for the name acquired fresh vitality and force. The

noble Viscount had

The it ought to contain all States, certainly it all great States. But they knew perfectly

had received the inded them that it that for the moment that was out of

to the

the

question. The Allied Powers he imagined. would be very slow to admit either a triumphant or unrepentant Ger- any, and, in fact, Germany herself, according to the speeches of her statesmen treated the idea with sepru, and until she was compelled, either by economic pres- sure or by the force of arms, to renounes her world dreams, it was difficult to con- template her being admitted to such League.

ป

Mr. Willey: When Mrs. Harris amo

He believed it to be true that opinion of the informer so that they could acceptance of

in Great Britain was rather in advance, clear up the report about the majority of the leading statesmen fighting

of the opinion of any of our Allies conduct of the camp. Witness admitted in the cause of the Allies. It might be

except possibly the United States. He that accused might have indicated the worth while to remind the House that in

wonid therefore remind the House that irregularity of the ladies' visits, but could the reply of the whole of the Allies to

it would be well that we should not go 40% remember. Presiden: Wilson. on January 10th, 1917,

ahead too quickly or too abruptly, or there appeared the following passage:

we might receive a rebuff.

a second time did not Canning say: "Now The Allies said they assinted them-

We must try to get some alliance, selves wholeheartedly with the plan to

confederation, or conference sto

this lady has come again she must have which her visit supervised? erente a League of Nations to ensure peace

these States should belong, and no State Witness: It is exactly what an ad. and justice throughout the world. The

in which should be at liberty to go to Jutant would say passage covered a much wider area and

But let them bear in mind, for this or conference of the league in the first place. brought parcels and correspondence to the war without reference to arbitration or to a Witness further stated he did not re- carried much greater authority than the for any other reasons, it was found in if a State broke the contract, it became

member being told that these ladies had Individual utterances of statesmen.

Among neutral States they had had possible for the present at any rate, or let at war with the other States camp uncensored.

for a considerable space of time, te nd in the league, and they would support similar expressions of opinion from the mit Germany to the League, then we each other without any need for an in- he spoke about one needing to be a baroa Defendant in his statement said when Pope. Among our enemies lip-service, at should be committed to a reproduction tornational police in punishing and re any rate, had been rendered to the idea, and stereotyping of the very conditions pairing the breach of contract. The offence to the colonel and no reflection an the speeches of Court Hertling and which now existed. We should then have smaller States might do it by applying on a reported to the War Office that Von to get special treatment he intended no

Count Czernin. It was not neessary for

two Leagues one of all, our Allies, and,

It was a fact which had on anybody. him to analyse the differences in motive

economic pressure, and the larger by in addition, the League of Hostile Na the direct use of naval and military force.Plessen had been visited by Mrs. Lever or phenseology, in, these different. utter tions.

That might be for a time inevit They might appear to be animated able, it was not a condition that would Government were in earnest ? Yes.

The noble Visccunt asked whether the ton Harris, who, it was alleged, had by different degrees si conviction. They make for peace-en the contrary, it was asked whether the Government were externich and Count Nettenblad had also He brought contraband to him, Count Met- might have aimed at different results. But much more likely to provoke a revival ploring the matter? Yes. They were con- bad Visits without being authorised. He he thought they did show that the idea of war. He agreed with Lord Bryce that sidering the matter very carefully, and mentioned these things as matters which itself could not be ruled but that it had the present occasion was one rather for should continue to do so. come into the world of politics and rein- the discussion of principles than for the before long we should exchange ideas with

Doubtless would need to be proved. tions to stey, and that if there were any examination. of detail.

Defendant was found not guilty, and There was the our Allies. The noble Viscount had told acquitted on all charges. disposition on the part either of nations or of statesmen to treat it as an incon- question, as to whether the League was them that a Commission had been set up to include non-European Powers. Of by the French Goversnient, and bad re venient intruder and sweep it un one side, the public opinion of the countries they it was essential that it should ported

He saw in the papers that the United States. This was not the time to represented would in all :bability pro- include America, from whom so much of report had been communicated

to "the test, and insist on its being maintained..

the impulse aprings. But ought it to Allied nations. It had not include China and Japan, and neutral us, but it might do se at no distant date. opinion was that it would be a great t yet reached forecast what the constitution of such a | League of Nations should be. American States such as Spain, Switzerland, the The French Commission appeared to hard stake to attempt at the beginning to Scandinavian countries, and Holland said, and he agreed, that it would be out be too ambitious, or to make too great Theoretically, most emphatically yes,

police, or a State above all other

ances

ני

EXISTING LEAGUES."

It might be said that the present was

the

very unfavourable time for the dis because they were the very States which the question to set up an inter demand on the nations to abandon their

cussion of this subject, or, at any rate, to would most need the protection of the and that the air should be to substitute sovereignty. It should be enough to make take any practical steps. Further, that League in future. Then was it no scheme of international justice or per clude the minor States, not merely in tional disputes.

in-law for force in the settlement of interna- clear that there should immediately be manent pence could be brought into opera

created and kept-constantly, at work a with which he thought they would ab ignatories, which could provide that That was a statement council of the nations, to which all should tion so long as one nation or group of Europe, but in every part of the world. nations was pursuing a career of shamend were they all to be admitted on equal agree. terms 1

Dealing with the various motions before no signstory should go to war with any aggrandisement, and with each fresh

the House, Earl Curzon said Lord Par other signatory without the consent of moor's original motion asked for the p- Paxer breaking suen a covenant should the other nations, and that any signatory of a league of nations and the constile other Powers. proval of the House of the principle be regarded as being itself at war with tion of a tribunal whose orders should

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With regard to the limitatich of arms- told that our sole duty at the present time ments, Lord Parmoor thought this was

Again, he had been and not to talk, and that we essential, but Lord Lansdowne thought was to fight and should not be shortening by a single hour that it would be impossible to ration' the be enforceable by an adequate sanction He hoped that that council would not the duration of this war by giving con- members of the League in respect to arma- He agreed that that carried them a sideration to the views and ideals, howments. He agreed with him. How could deal farther than they were disposed to mitted, but that it would be continually good merely act when cases of dispute were sub- ever exalted. He was ready to make fall they limit the number of soldiers, guns, go at present certainly allowance for those considerations. They ships, aeroplanes in the possession of the than the Government were prepared to afecting generally the economic and moral much farther asked to bring the nations composing the were weighty, but he did not think they stifferent States who

League together for discussion of matters: were decisive. (Hear, hear.) He saw no League Were they to prohibit or merely words he was prepared to accept: they position, would be very greatly changed

would join the accept. Lord Bryce's alternative form of reason why they should not devote the to limit the use of the verious drendful indicated the Government's intention and

welfare of the nation's concerned. The Oiratory and Chronicle of the Far East 110 Smaller Edition 7,00 time at their disposal to discuss the ma-instruments of war which had been de-nction, and under these circumstances be if Germany or both the Central Powers chinery that would be called into existence veloped to such a high degree in the pre- hoped Lord Sydenham would not ask the were not within the League of Nations.dren of Far Cathay, a Bocial and alter the war to prevent a recurrence of sent war-submarines, poison gasses, arm.

*** Politiaal Morel, by 0, J. E. Haloon be these grimes One of the most encouraged aircraft, attacking from the sky? Or herships to assent to a motion which he It was very doubtful whether the United ing reflections to which no allusion had were they to limit the money that was

had placed on the paper.

States would be willing to give to any been made in these debates was that to spent by the various members

such alliance the use of its economic and AMERICAN OPINION. of the large extent a League of Nations was League upon these armaments? And, if

military forces, which it would be quite already

in existence or rather, there were so, how were ther to see that all theering recently returned from the Unitertained practically all the great Powers. The Archbishop of York said that bar willing to give to a league which con- two Leagues of Nations in existence at limitations were honestly observed! If States he felt bound to impress on the Bat even if the league were confined to this moment. The first was the League of it was to limit armaments the Court must House that there, certainly, the polity the limits of the Allied Powers it would than 150 millions of people or one-fourth That meant in practice a complete con- one of the essential aims which that great peace. But any hope in this matter. de- of the population of the globe. No frosh trol of all the sources of production in people had set before themselves in the Rended on a clean peace, and on close co Situation was required to call that league the various countries concerned. Even if into being. aiready in existence: it was sitting in to Recept restrictions of that kind, he did tune of apetite fried motor te lead Lord Parmoor cordially accepted

It was a governing body the present generation would be prepare conduct of the war. He had had oppor- operation between the British Empire and

speaking with of

States. London in the shape of an Imperial War not see how they could impose a similar ing the President, and he believed their that the outcome might be not only a the amendment

of Viscount Bryce, and hoped Cabinet: it comprised statesmen from all restraint upon posterity. Then whatever opinion to be that the war would have over the world who represented the views, the result of the present war it was quite been waged in vain if there did not result study of the conditions by his Majesty's espirations, and hopes of this great aggre. clear that the map of Europe, and to ~ vation of mankind. But there was large extent the map of the world, wonde me form of League of Nations for the Government, but a study that would another league already in existence he rearranged. How would they provide preservation of peace in the future. That bring fruitful and valuable results to all league of Allied nations who had com- for legitimate territorial expansion and was also the opinion of the people of the humanity and civilisation. (Hear, hear.) The amendment was agreed to, and the hined together to resist the militarism of 'rearrangement in the future! They could (Continued at foot, of next Column.) motion, as amended, was also accepted.

The Hongkong Typhoon, Sept. 18th, 1906,

Illustrated Account

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