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CLYPERLYE ALIUE
24, perenses vital convey and negrą
(and children and
THE LEAGUE OF FREE NATIONS.
SOME INDEPENDENT OPINIONS,
ITS POSSIBLE CONSTITUTION
BY G WELLE.]
UNDER THE BLACK FLAG
STORIES OF THE BRUTAL U-BOAT E
League of Nations That Council will
THE VICISSITUDES OF bo n. tio ay strong, we hope if not so close and multiplex as the tie of the States at
KUT-EL-AMARA. Washington. It will have certain delo. gated powers and no others, probably for Behind the statistical table of losses of Towards the end of 1014 Shlomo Nanba fever powera than the Federal Govern merchant ships each week there are some was
prosperous jeweller of Kut- ment of the United States of America, strange incidents of German brutality cl-Amara, His family, that is to It will have, directly or mediately, all which ought not to be allowed to hide the powers that seem necessary to restrain themselves in the secrecy of an affidovit may, bis daughter, a girl of sixteen, and, nothing of patriotic jealousies it will few recent examples the world from war and unless I know filed in an official cabinet. Here are a his two sons, were, justly proud of the little one shop at the corner of the main have not a scrap of power more.
A little coasting steamer was torpedoes danger is much more that its powers will and sank in three minutes. One of her be insuficient than that they wil be bouts was capsized and those in it thrown
What I excessive. But of that later.
into the water. The second officer and
The
tions of great multitudes of people, that to discuss here now is the constitu- three hands swam to the upturned boat odours that permented the precincts, soine-
More and more frequently does one hear this phrase, the League of Nations. used as expressing the outline iden of the new world that will come out of the the can be a doubt that the phrase has taken hold of the imaging it is one of these creative phrases that may alter the whole destiny of mankind But at present it is still a very vague phrase, a cloudy promise of peace.
I make no apology, therefore, for at tempting a discussion of it in the most guneral terms. There is no advantage in adopting a highly technical, and experi enced tone with a question still in the school debating society stage. The idea is an idea of united human effort to put.
of
bazaar, which ran at right angles to the river bank, though the myriads of flies, the darkness of the shop, and the various tion of this delegated body. I want to discuss that first in order to set aside and scrambled on it. The submarine what detracted from the value of its con- notions that will otherwise get very the enbmarine came back again after out of the discussion certain fantastic board. It was impossible to obes, but venient situation,
it seriously in our way. Fantastic as they have played a large part in reducing the prowling round, and the commander Hague Tribunal to an ineffective squeak group clinging desperately to the ea
peated his order roughly. Still the little amid the thunders of this war.
sized boat refused to swim across the broken water.
A number of gentlemen scheming out. world unity in studies have begun their
The submarine went off, but the com- mander's Just for prisoners was such
an end to wars; the question is, how far Proposals with the simple suggestion that that he returned a third time and ordered brother owned a shop fow doors off,
tion of that m can we hope to get to a concrete realist
But first let one note the fourth word
in the title of this article. The common Now let us run over a list of soy The resultant wash swept all the ch
talk is of a "League of Nations" merely:
of four bund
We find our list includes the British Empire with a population of half can red millions, of which
1 follow the man who is more than any other man, the leader of English political thought out the world to-day significant adiective" er at read and write some language or other one, and he was carried by the suction of the town, for the sole purpose of keep-
West
President
of
in
His brother-in-law owned a portion of He was on the whole a happy na the date grove on which the 50 houses comprising the town, were tucked snugly wheat, osta, maize and barley, and was in away, some ground where he cultivated
fact occasionally addressed as Khuja, a little équivalent to our Esquire and... meaning man of property lis each sovereign Power should sood one member to the projected parliament of die officer in charge of the bout to stand where he traded in the exportation of mankind. This has a pleasant, democra upright. No one mayod. The German, focal-made carpets and woollen rugs. tick one sovereign State, ope veteget at his intended victims, went full towns of Jessan and Bodruh.
furious at this defiance, and unable to sending them by caravan to the Kun dish
States and sco to what this leads
speed ahead and put his helm hard over.
Possibly his only worry was the tyranny. froin their precarious hold rived at the hands of the Turkish After a great struggle all got back save quartered in the barracks of the west end officer who commanded some 200 troops,
Bogota with a population of a million, right under the upturned boat. He could ing in order the Beni Lam tribesmen who roostly poets; Hash with a population not release himself, and it seemed that roamed over the desert towards Push-i- of a million and a third, almost entirely he must suffocate until one of his com Kuh and made the caravan conto from illiterate and liable at any time to furrade thought of taking the plug out of Shuster and Dizful along the foot of ther political disruption; Andorra with the bottom of the boat. Through the the hills insecure. Making jewellery for a population of four or five thousand small air hole thus provided the impri- no payment was not profitable. Shlomo's souls. The mere suggestion of equal Boned man was able to breathe until, recreations were simple. Every three or representation between such Powers an hour afterwards, they were all four days he would go to the river bank and watch the arrival and departure of is enough to make the British Empire picked up by a patrol vessel,
the river steamers en route to Haghdad or burst into a thousand (voting) fragments. 4 certain concession to population one
Basrah and take a keen interest in the must admit, was made by the theorists;
equivalent of Rs.5 for a deck passage over remember rightly, two delegates, and if
majority of these men could well afford the 220 miles of river to Baghdad. “The it, as they were engaged in the trafie, of which the centre was Kut, whither corn from the Euphrates country was brought by way of the Shatt-ol-Aras for distribution in the Tigris region Ha well off, and having certain goods to take had been in Baghdad once, but not being
ein Allies know to day what is involved in making bargains with Governments that do not stand for their peoples, we have had all our Russian deal, for example, repudiated and thrust back upon our hands, and it is clearly in his mind, us it must be in the minds of all reasquable men, that no mere scrap
paper"
with just a Kaiser's or a Chancellor's endorsement is good
SUBMARINE SPIES, enough earnest of fellowship in the
Whether the bout spy system is good League It cannot be a diplomatists State of over three millions' got, it or not they are always eager for infor, rich men who could afford to pay the League. The League of Nations, 20
if it
niation from their victims, and not too particular about the way they extort it is to have any such effect as people seen over twenty, three, and some of the small coloured seaman from one torpedoed to expect of it, must be understanded States were given a kind of intermittent whip was ordered to swim from a raft of the people that is to say, it must appearance they only camo every other be supported by sustaited, deliberate eseme or something of that sort, but et on which he had found refuge to the planation and teaching by School and
submarine. As soon as he reached the Church and Press of the whole mass of the Hague things still remained in suclide he was seized by the wrists and all the peoples concerned, We must bet backward States could out vote the Briand when the commander was satisfied a posture that three or four minute and firmly held while he was interrogated aside once for all any possible misconceptish Empire or the United States. that there was nothing more to be learned tion that this modern idea of a League Therein lies the elue to the insignificance from him he was ordered to dive over with him, he had gone by the 122. miles of Nations has any affinity to that Holy of the Hague. Such projects as these the side and swim back to the raft winding river, and had returned by the of dusty road on the left bank of the Alliance of the diplomatists who set out are idle projects and way must put them he could. to keep the potee of Europe 50 disas out of our heads; the great nations will
sionally called on the Harbour Master, Saffina or country boat. He occa trously a century aga
ot suffer them for moment
or Customs house official and once a
wife daughter to the Turkish Baths on the fortnight accompanied his
and river front, a curious building on the roof of which a bullock worked day after day at the creaking Persian well to provide the necessary water. Being a Jew he was not allowed to use the Turkish bath him- self and usually went to see his friend, a clerk employed in the Liquorice Factory over the right bank of the river, going and returning by the bridge of boats.
He regularly the one and only syna-
unosque gogy situated near plus-tiled minaret the un ordinary, 8,000 peace-loving inhabitants,
In short, blomo Naaba was one of Kurds,
8hính Arabs, and emigrants
*
Hore is a little scene of tragedy in the And in a later paper I will discuss what
night." A* ship was torpedoed at 10.20 should be the powers of this League
At the risk of seeming a bit of a Prus to get to an upturned boat and cling to p.m., and seven people from her managed The suggestions made range from a more sian, I would like to insist upon certummit One of them stayed only a few advisory body, rather like the Hague brute facts The business of the League seconds. He took off his lifebelt and Convention, which will merely pro of Nations is to keep the peace of the said he was going to finish it. He nounce on the rights and wrongs of any world and nothing else. No Poter will su off the boat and was never seen international conflict, to the idea of a ever dare to break the peace of the world again. Then, out of the darkness in sort of Super State, a. Parliament of all the Powers that are capable of searchlight flashed on the little pile of Mankind, practically taking over the making war under modern conditions helpless human flotsam. It was from sovereignty of the existing States and say No And there are only four the submarine. The cold white beam Empires of the world. Most people's Powers certainly capable at the present swept slowly round, lighting up bobbing ideas of the League fall between then time of producing the men and materials hoads in the water visited ros extromes. They want the League to be needed for a modern war in sufficient something more than an ethical court
The officers and some of the crew stood abundance to they want a League that will act, has Brimin pely,
and the on the deck and conning tower. But the and there are four other searchlight was not turned on, so that loss of our independence. which are probably capable, Italy, Japany their attack. It was used to light up
they ought see to help the victims
on
Austria, Some
There is a conflict here and a real need China may be war capable I hope never, the scene that they might enjoy it. They cannot eat our cake and have it. If Personally I do not think that any decide. There are affidavits sworn to for people to tidy up their ideas. We but it is a possibility towere, jeering at those they were about to leave to sink or swim as fortune bould association is worth while there must be other Power on earth would have a ghost by those who heard them jeer some sucrifice of freedom to association of a chance to reaist the will it could As a very distinguished Colonial reprobe an honestly united will-of the first
with its
of the
from Persia, who had settled in the sleepy
andy men whose profession was war were and nigortant little town of Kupel- Amars. Little
rik be think that in far distant
thinking of his native town, by reason of its strategic situation at the junction
Here we are talking of the freedom of sanction of and by association with these dawn the steep. Much as we hate the Nasirayah on the Euphratce. He never smell nations and the self-determination leaders. These other Powere can fight Gormans, some of us will have to sit for a moment supposed that the name consequent water communication to of peoples and at the same time of the because of the split will of the war com down, with some of the enemy to arrange Kutl-Amara would resound throughout Couner of the League of Nations and all lete Powers. Some are forced to fight sorts of international controls. Which by that very division. No one can vie a common scheme for the preservation of the civilised world. He had heard, it is do we want?!
with me in my appreciation of the credit in money. And I presume that it civilisation of Switzerland, Sweden, or
is not proposed to end this war in a wild from Hajji Abbar and his two sons, prominent members of the community, Holland, but the plain fact of the race scramble of buyers for such food as re: that war had been declared by Germans. is that such Powera are absolutely in-
shortage but took little interest in the information capable of uttering an effective Proteat now, & greater shortage ahead of the until he saw Turkish troops and guns. and Liberias. The preservation of the food and all raw materials for some years Kaza he was able to see a against war Far less so are your Haytis world, and there will be shortages of being conveyed on barges down river to
supply at the source and transport in Basrah Living in the headquarters of world peace rests, therefore, with the to come
able to see a good deal Great Powers and the Great Powers
what went on to ever forget the alone. If they have the will for peace, and organise a share out and distribu Jewish years of 5476 and 5877 correspond-
Shlomo will certainly never
tative said to the the other day named four All the rest fight by the handfuls of paper and watch it flying of the river Hai with the Tirvis, and the,
The answer, I think, is Both." It is a matter of more or less, of buying the best thing by giving up the second best. Self-determination dous not need want to relax an old association in order sarily mean fragmentation. We may to make a newer, better one. It is quite understandable that peoples aware of distinctive national character and volved in some big existing
mains in the world. There is u
The Pence Congress will have to sit
deal of
complex should wish to is peace. It they have not, it is contion and re-organisation of these shat- ing to our 1915 and 1910, during which
Biete katika entered supplies. It will have to Rhoanda the British troops took possession of all themselves from one group of associa The Powers I have named above can the nations. Then there are such little the country between Kat and the son, Lions in order to enter more effectively dictate the peace of the world for ever. jobs is the reconstruction of Belgium and great battle below Kut, when General into another a greater and more satis Let us keep our grip on that. Peace is Serbia. There are numerous boundaries Townshend defeated General Nureddin factory one. The Finn or the Pole who their business primarily. They can give to rearrange There is Poland Ar- and drove him back on Ctesiphon, how has hitherto been a reluctant mombor of the synthesis of the Russian Empire may and the whole of mankind. It can arrive new and old, that the peoce must call soldiers came back to Kut, the ghastly an enduring peace to the little nations menia. About all these smaller States,
General Townshend and his wonderful well wish to end that attachment in orderin no other way. So I take it that the into being, there must be a system of experience of the 129 days of the siege, to become a a free member of world-wide Council of a practical League of Nations guarantees of the most difficult and com- brotherhood. The desire for fresh arran, must consist chiefly of the representatives plicated sort. I do not see the Peace and how the British had to surrender gement is not a desire for chaos. Thereof the great belligerent Powers and that Congress getting through such matters occupation of the town and his flight to through hunger alone, the Turkish, 18 such
a thing as untying your parcels the representatives of the minor allies as these in a session of weeks or months. Baghdad at the beginning of 1917. After in order to pack them better, and I do and of the neutrals essential though The idea the Germans betrayed at Brest the British occupation of Baghdad, be not see myself how we can possibly con their presence will be must not be that things wre going to be done in the heard that Kat had been entirely evacuat- template a great league of freedom and allowed to swamp the voices of these Versailles fashion by great moustached ed, and that with its houses crashed to. reason in the world without a consider larger masses of mankind. able amount of such preliminary dissolu
heroes springing surprises, frowning and the ground by the bombardment, the hie tion:
drawing lines with a large black, soldier bazar blown to atoms, and by the And this state of affairs, in which a ly thumbnail across maps, is old fashion obliteration of the liquorice factory, it Council of the great, Powers will dictate tions, are to tested the which min tid er de his and maintain peace, may come about tions are going to follow unprecedented tion" about more easily than logical, statistical courses. minded people may be disposed to think.
religious books that the British were
Later he heard
#
This preliminary discussion of War
German
in
în August, 1917. To his intense
It happens, very fortunately for the world, that a century, and a quarter ago thirteen various and very jealous States worked out the problem of Union, and We think of Bombo, learned andAime that has been getting more and rebuilding Aut and ventured to pay it" bocame-after an enormous, exhausting expert, somebody in spectacles, with wrangle of nine or ten years the United thin clear voice, reading over the more explicit now for six months, astonishment he found that the rebuild- State of Anteries. Now the way they Projected Constitution of a League of quito: unprecedented. Apparenting of the river front and main bazaars solved their riddle was by keeping
their Nations to an attentive and respectful. broad
preliminaries are to be stated had been completed and that the shops sovereign rights absolutely. They re Peace Congress. But there is more and accepted in the sight of all tuankind were already being occupied Saddlers, mained sovereign States, New York, natural way to a league than that. Ia before even an armistico occurs on the smiths, jewellers, and dyert were return- Virginia, Massachusetts,
for example,
stead of belag made like a taschine, the main, the western fronts the demon lug and again an occupations." Houses remained legally independent nations.
ing settling down League of Nations may grow That is a
Tike E tree precedent that everyone who The Peace Congrees that must sooner or tic Frenchmen. They are dodging and road, Townshend Road, traversing the lot of ours So do some of the diploma-wore being repaired, and the new main talks about the League of Nations should later weet may itself become after a time Congress and President in Washington am strongly obsessed by the idea that keep back everything they possibly can out. British sailors were putting in order bear in mind. These States set up a the Council of a League of Nations. Iying, they are fighting desperately to whole length of the town had been laid
Congress they delegated to come and that it is highly
ress and President the That that Peace Congress, will necessarily be fable-hanging of the council chamber, but the cemetery and a new brick wall was look after certain common interests, to it should becomes most prolonged that thal way the of the council chamber, ben being around it. The police, deal with inter-State trade, to deal with Foreign Powers, to maintain a supreme become at hering should it not to the Allies and the Peace and order in the bazaare by day. Kurd
at last Germany says "Snip
Buffienccupied
lod they on blockade work patrol persistent
town by night,
and kept peace court of law. Everything else, reduca inviting representatives to aid its
permanent gathering,
Congress begins,
almost certa aly labourers had returned, farmers were tion militia,
powers of life and death, racions from the Reutral States delibe- be no unprecedented as its prelude Be- being helped by the British, Government the States retained for themselves. Fo I can conceive no such Peace Congress fore it moste, the broad fines of the set with their Shitwi crops and granted this day, for instance the Government as those that have settled up after other ement will have to the mass of man- ties of grain would be produced. Shlom drawn plainly normal weather conditions large quanti Washington has no power to interfere to wars settling up after this war, Not kind teague of Nations we all desire Baghdad for his wife and family, Shlomo
with
district of CADRES MEP Elsewhere
and
with the
This
is no
been
And
protect the lives or property of aliens in only has the war been enormously bigger
determined to settle down and sent to any part of the.
outside its own than any other war, but it has struck State Governments see to that. And the
at the foundations of social and any be really latent in the Peace Con Naaba has little time for recreation these how much of the old system is Peace Congreso If this is right, then brother in law who died during the so independent spirited that they would dead to-day, how much has to be remade it is of supreme importance for us to get siege and 18. looking after the not even adopt a common name. To this Since the
beginnings oi.
of gold payments
these States of the American Union here. I doubt it we begin to gress, and may be developed out of the days. He has taken war the end of t
who is
y they have no common name. We been a credible promiseory thera per clear ideas of just exactly what sort of carpet business of his brother have to call them Americans which is a underneath our financial arrangements we want at the Peace missing and under the British occupan Canadayexion, Porn, Brazil are all of value of a pound note waves about while determine the character oars Urtainltion homes shortly to establish the firm af
The sort of men who go to Congress will almost
Couren
Shlomo Naabs and bons, Traders, Kut-el-Amara
ridiculons name when we consider that It is now an incredible promise The them also in America. O else, wo must you look at it. What will happen to it out of 112 If we send the wrong sort when his fellow towomen will address
of the League of Nations that may arise body call them Virginiano, Californians, New hea peace comes no niso can tell. The of man without a proper support behind him na "Khwala, and Rachel, the pretty Englanders, and so forth.
rouble has gone into the abyssut him in the pountry the Peace, Congress daughter, will be sought after and giddy money specialists clutch their way prove our supreme failure to meet married to the son of another man of
(Continued as foot of neat Column.) the needs of this great time-Daily Mail, property,
Now that clearly is what will have to
be done also with this Council of Paso
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