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GEN BRUSILOFF'S DRIVE. THE FIRST BREACH IN THE LINE.

CAUSES OF ENEMY'S BIG LOSSES.

DEATH OF PROFESSOR: METCHNIKOFF.

A PIONEER OF MODERN PATHOLOGY

death,

IMPRESSIONS OF BERLIN

THE PUBLIC AND THE OUTLOOK.

The following are impressions of Bartin formed by a Neutral during a visit just before and after the Allies offensive began.

CONFIDENCE IN NEUTRALS. Another thing which struck me was

Arguti Maru, Japanese str., 4,626, Itauno,

20th August-Shanghai 17th August,- General-Nippon Yusen Kaisha.

[UY STANLEY WASHBURN.] CHINGcHow, British str., 1,195, J. W.

Doyle, 19th August-Port Parseval 16th August, Lime Stone-8hewan, The first great rupture of the Austrian

Professor Metehnikoff, whose Temes & Co.

line in the attacks of June 5th and 6th

After the baktio of Jatland Bank the DERWENT, British str., 1,752, J. Jenkins, was near this little village (Olyka) which took place at the Pasteur Institute last

19th August-Saigon 15th August, nestles in a hollow about three miles from mouth,, was born, on May 15, 1845, at. German. losses were not disclosed to the Rice and Generál.-Order.

the battlefield. It is six miles from the DIVA, Norwegian str., 833, J. Jargensen, in Rovau-Lutsk highway, with which Ivanayka, the property of his parents, people, and more than one German told 19th August Bangkok 13th August, it is itself connected by a macadam in the Russian province of Kharoff. me that be was disappointed that the Rice. Order.

rond. Inasmuch as the breaking of the From his childhood he showed a strong information should have been withheld GLENPALLOCH, British str., 1,434, A. McKenzie

I'ne bere proved to be the leak in the dyke taste for the study of nature. He and from the public. In their opinion all 18th August-Singapore 13th August, of the Austrian defence I have spent s

the Gorman losses ought to have been General Chinese. GLENOGLE, British str., 2,399, W. McGhie, the nature and strength of the defences, Petrograd, between 1880 and 1986 laid see the use of concealing them, for they They did not. good portion of two days in looking over his distinguished friend Kowalewsky, of inblished immediately. 21st August-Singapore 18th August, which I am informed are typical of the

still looked on the engagement as a vie- General Order.

the foundations and built the main structory for Germany. It is said that the KAIHO MARU, Japanese str., 1,602, Kobaline as a whole,

The country is rulling, with very little ture of that cellular rubryology of Kaiser himself expressed the wish that yashi, 18th August-Karatsu 10th

the German Insses in the Jutland Bank August, Coal-Order.

timber. One can in consequence stand on the invertebrates which has sincs become KANG MARU, Japanese str. 1,920, Muri elevations and look for miles and see the an essential and fruitful department of battle should be published in the partial

200logical doctrine,

form in which they appeared, his object kami, 16th August--Bwatow 15th maze of trench and communication ways

In 1889 after 12 years at Odessa--when being that the people should have more August, General.Osaka Shosen Kai stretching on hillsides in every direction. disturbances broke out in the university reason for rejoicing over what was offi In many places the two lines were very in connexion with the assassination of cially proclaimed as a victory, I do not KINKOBAN, MARD; Japanese str., 3,935, close together. The Russians stopped, in

the Tear Alexander II., Metehnikoff know whether this is truc, however, for Nakagawa, 15th August-Miike 9th their retreat last autumn where it was migrated to Messinn. It was here that the Germans have not yet lost the habit August, Coal-Mitsui Bussan Kai convenient to pick their trench positions, Metchaikoffis views with regard to of referring to the Kaiser in every sccond sba.

constructed, of course, long in advance of KUMCHоw, British

"phagocytosis," the function of the sentence, and attributing to him an str., Martin, 18th the actual arrival of the enemy in their colourless floating corpusoles (or "phago-active part in all that occurs August-Tiilijap 6th August, Sugar, front. The Russian line was therefore cytes as he called them) of the blood -Order.

I was astonished to find the people so KENGPING, Chinese str., 1,741, J. B. in much the better position, as the Aue and lymph of lower animals as well as silent about the sea-battle. They did not 'It was Flower, 20th August-Bangkok 14th trians when they came up were obliged vertebrates, took shape. He published in seem to think much about it.

to adjust their own defences to those fac 1658 a path-breaking paper on Intras quite evident that they regarded the August, Rice and General-Order. KWANZE, Chinese str., 1,468, ping them. The Russians, chose their posi: cellular Digestion," in which, he showed Allies offensive as much more interest- Sangster, 12th August-Shanghai 9th tion with especial care so as to secure that this process goes on not only in the ing. To this I must add that the Ger August, General-Order.

communication. waya behind them and aninaloules like arroba, but in the cells

mans forget things sooner than they did of the surface laver (ectoderm of sponges at an earlier stage of the war. They LIANGCHOW, British str., 1,220, J. R. Owens clear fields of fire in front of them, even

take everything very phlegmatically and 18th August-Bungkuk 12th August, though some details of their line were and in those of the mid-layer or meso- General-Butterfield & Swire.

salients and others deep indentations.derm of jelly-fishes and of transparent have almost lost the old boasting and

Joudiness. NANYO MARU, Japanese str., 1,983, Taka-This gave them the advantage of bringing marine larva in which owing to this nashi, 20th Angust-Wakamatsu 14th their troops into the positions much more transparency the living cells and their August, Coal-Mitsui Bussan Kai- quickly than the Austrians could possibly movements could be studied. This was a great discovery, for, although Haeckel PENANG, MARU, Japanese str., 3,261, 8. have examined many of the Austrian had in 1867 observed the engulfing of that they do not seem, in these days

Kushibiki, 17th August-Singapore communication trenches, and there are amecha like colourless corpuscle of the they apparently had before in neutrals particles of vermilion powder by the heavy fighting, to feel less confidence than 11th August, General Nippon many places where it was necessary for blood; the fact of the regular and normal Roxs, Norweg, str., 949, 9. Tolk Muss, 19th loss cuntntry for distances exceeding ticles by such cells and of the wide, inaire, etc., as if it was of no importance who happen to find themselves in Borlin. them to dig zig-zags over an almost tree intracellular digestion of organic They spoke of the sea battle, of the offon- August Bangkok 11th August, Rico-mile in length. This is certainly one of fact universal, occurrence of the process that a neutral should overhear what they SHANDAL Chiness str., 243, MeLearn, the disadvantages of having your enemy in the animal kingdom had not been had to say. I noticed also, when I was

17th August Swatow 16th August, choose your position for you, which is known.

in a train, that some officers travelling exactly what the Russians seem to have

Melchnikoff immediately connected. his in the same compartment discussed their GATSUKI MARU, Japaneso abr., 1,300, Then able to do. Probably this distance discovery with Pasteur's great demon work at the front, talking military

Fumoto, 12th August-Dairen 5th between the front line and the entrance stration of the production of infectave shop,' which it might have been unde August, Coal and General--Mitaui to the approaches was one of the import diseases by the fermentative activities of sirable that a spy should overbear, with Bussan Kaisha.

ant factors resulting in so many pri various specific disease-causing bacteria out concerning themselves about their SKINON, British str., 1,103. Baugster, 14thsoners being taken. It is perfectly clear and allied "mierobca. He wrote aut fellow passengers.

August-Saigon 10th August, Rice that men trying to escape iB mages once a memoir entitled "The Struggle Order

through these narrow, winding ways of the Organism against Microbes," ATL TALBANG, British str., 997, Matthews, 19th could make only extremely slow progress which he enunciated the view that the AugustHongay 18th August, Coal. Gaing above ground brought them in the phagocytes have been developed and

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zone of the machine-guns which the Rus established by natural selection in the TAMSUI, British str., 419, J. Cudney, 18th sians promptly mounted on the captured animal organisio, chiefly as a protection August-Chefoo 12th August, Gen position, and remaining in the com- against intrusive disease-causing hac eral-Butterfield & Swire,

nunication ways meant inevitable cap teria, though also acting as scavengers" Toss MARU, Japanese str., 2,610, 0. ture, while those who did reach the out which remove all intrusive foreign bodies Sakamoto, 19th August-Singapore trts were confronted with the curtain of and dead or injured bits of the organism 13th August, General. Nippon fire dropped by the artillery to cut of of which they are purt. He was able, Yusen Kaisha

in 1984, to adduce a demonstrative case in the infection of water-fleas by a kind Of yeast which multiplies in their The front line trenches are in two or blood and kills them. Owing to three series close together. In general the transparency .of the water- there are two reserve lines behind the first, ilea, Metchnikoff was able to watch and NEVER TOO LATE TO CURE but as far as I am able to ascertain these to publish convincing drawings of the were never defended seriously, because in activity of its phagocytes which he saw many instances the Russians got to the engulfing the minute parasitic yeast If you are suffering now from the grip second positions ahead of the occupants and thus in some cases successfully ping, twitching pains of neuralgiaif for which they were destined. The front arresting the disease, though in others you suffered yesterday and expect toe taken by itself at all the points 1 the infecting yeast gained the upper suffer to-morrow-yes, if you've suffered examined it was extremely strong. Little hand and caused the death of the water all your life from the agonies of overhead cover seems to have been used Bea. The zoological studies which ho neuralgia, rheumatisoi, sciatics, beck- save a few feet overhanging the shooting been for 20 years the essential basis of ache, sprains, strains, or swellings, now galleries. The trenches were very deep, Metchnikoff's scientific development were drinking); then of pitage (flirting),

sham

Yusen Kaisha

Chinese

General Order.

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FOXASHING, British str., 1,178, these fugitives.

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10 or 15 feet in places. At frequent inter put aside. vals were strongly-constructed redoubts Many of these for the machine-guns. were made with steel and some concrete construction.

Henceforth he was a

THE DOCTRINE OF PHAGOCYTOSIS,

Je returned in 1886 to Odessa for # brief time as director of a new bacterio-

2

Behind this were quarters for the off-logical laboratory, with the determina cers, which for depth and shelter I did tion to devote his life to the development not see surpassed in Francs. Many of of his doctrine of phagocytosis In these were deep excavations cut 20 or 25 1888, requiring greater facilities for his feet below the floor of the trench with work, he went (after happily failing to steps dug out of the earth leading down receive encouragement in Germany) to to them. At the foot of the steps was a Pasteur, in Paris, who gave him roofed vestibule with 2ft. of dirt cu it. laboratory in the Ecole Normale (Rue From this vestibule a tunnel had been Vaugirard) where the great French dis

Pasteur driven at right angles into the earth and coverer was then established. a buge chamber for the officers construct- afterwards gave him ample laboratories assistants in the new Institut ed. Apparently here they must have been and sufe

Dutot. from

heaviest

Having the

kind of Pasteur in the Rue high explosive shells. belleve as we have seen, brought his theory of

I that

iti this same type is ge eral phagocytosis into relation with the Dar- Twinian doctrine of natural selection and 1184 оп their castern line, for have seen many myself, while the Russian with Pasteur's doctrine of microbes as the agents of disease, he proceeded to protographs illustrated the same con- struction. Such portions of the line as apply it further to the recently discover had not been damaged by the Russian ed facts as to inflammation. guns impressed one greatly. For neat- With a growing body of investigators ness and exactness of construction it who came to Paris in order to work in might have been a model made by an ex-his laboratory Metehnikoff pursued with pert engineer from the most approved triumphant success, but not without op military foxt-book on modern field forti position especially from the older and fications,

more ignorant medical men the estab lishment of his views as to the essential

"

13

I must say, that everybody, official and non-official alike, was always most polite and kind to me. As soon as they find that one speaks German fluently they seem to give their confidence. It is quite possible that they noticed from my accent that I was not a German, but I even spoke my mother tongue in restaurants and was never annoyed by anyone. This, however, is not so very astonishing, as there are now to be found in Germany so many people of different races, for ex ample, Turks and Bulgars, belonging to the Allies of the Central Powers.

THE ACSTRIAN OFFICER. The Germans still believe that they are doing much better on the battlefield than their allies. You often hear them speak of the Austrians in a way which can hardly be regarded as complimentary to that unfortunate people. A good many jests are directed at the Austrian officers, as, for instance, in the question, **What are the four cardinal points in the Aus trian offieer's code " Answer.--" First he thinks of the menage (enting and

then of bagage (baggage), and then, finally, he thinks of showing a little courage." It is a trifle, perhaps, but straws sometimes show which way the wind blows.

One thing which strikes you Berlin, comparing it with

towns of Germany, is that year, nardly any wounded men in the capital. In- deed, you do not see inghy soldiers of the rank and file at all, ther those who have returned froin or those who are destined for the front. It is quite differ- ent in this respect from Hanover, where very large numbers of soldiers are, to be seen-or at least were to be seen on the occasion of my last visit some months ago. No doubt the wounded are intentionally kept away from Berlin. But if there are few soldiers of the lower ranks, their ab- sence is amply made up for by the pre- sence of enormous numbers of officers of all ranks. These officers are still ex-

as the French would say. They are the treinely suurt tires à quatre épingles, real type of the Prussian officer, greeting each other when they meet with all the formality · prescribed by military: etiquette and often coming to attention, and saluting as punctiliously as if on parade.—Times,

importance of " phagocytosis in resis tance to disease. In 1882 he produced to look, not only for temporary protec

remarkable

illustrated tion, but for immunity against the micro- value or The Comparative Pathology organisms of disease. It is the phage of Inflammation," in which he showed eytes which act upon the toxins UK that that process is essentially a carative poisons of disease-causing bacteria, and one-namely, a local arrest of the blood converting them into anti-toxins," are stream under the control of the nervous the actual agents of immunity.

In the midst of his work on immunity system, resulting in the out-wandering of

Metchaikoff has found time in later phagocytes chemically attracted to injured spot where, rapidly arriving like years to study the bacterial flora of the innumerable crowd or army. of Falimentary canal, originally with the scavengers, they proceed to engulf and purpose of acquiring further knowledge digest tissue which has been killed by and control of diarrhea, dysentery, and injury and to isolate or destroy injurious cholera. In the course of these studies he has been led to the conclusion that intrusive substances.

Metchnikoff thus finally

very generally the absorption of the the process of inflammation. His atten-poisonous products of the decomposition set up by bacteria in the large intestine. tion and that of his pupils was

(colon) is a cause of health in man- given for some years to the great que kind and promotes these changes in the How is it that issues (the hardening of the arteries and immunity.' some individuals are either free from the destruction of the "nobler" tissues, the attacks of parasitic micro-organisms

HOLES. IN THE AUSTRIAN FRONT. The Russians did not attempt to de- stroy the entire front of the Austrian positions, but contented themselves with cutting avenues by shell fire at more or less regular intervals and then shelling the trenches themselves with shrapnel while the troops assaulted through the holes cut in the wire entanglement. I walked through many of these and tried to make an estimate of the number of shells required for the purpose, but there is such a confusion of holes that it is hard to judge. I should think 75 to 100 shells on a front of 25 to 40 yards would not be excessive. In any event, it seems to have been done thoroughly, for in these avenues there remained hardly an ob stacle in the path of the Russians. They also had for the best of it in gun pozi tions, and no doubt that was an import- tion of ant factor in picking the position. Times.

an

20

"We saw very few Germans in the first

+

"explained "

now

death

than

to which their fellows are Fable; or if such as that of the brain and attacked suffer less seriously than others Great glands) which lead to senility

and toan do? To answer this question is to go would occur in their absence. To check

earlier two lines," said a sergeant of the Middle, long way to the solution of the great this decomposition ho has made me of a sex," but when we got to the third line practical question as to how to produce I diet including sour milk and excluding munity to infective disease in man. ricohol These are suggestive, but, at they were like flies. On the way across

In 1001 he published his great book, we had a hot machine-gun fire their Immunity in Infectious Discose the moment, less conclusive portions of machine" gunners are the, best part of With that convincing method of arguey have attained greater.

Mechnikoff's work (says The Times). their army, I reckon. It was terrible

inent which he has always used- namely, while it lasted, but as soon as we got on the production of careful records of ethan his works on phagocytosis, top of them it felt much more homely periment, thus setting forth his conclu that he has discussed them and the cause marion, and immunity, owing to the fact The spirit of the boys was wonderfulsions and meeting the objections of other and significance of old age together They simply laughed and joked all the observers, step by step he established with other profoundly interesting ani way across. A shell burst quite close to

us, and the-wag of the platoon shouted the doctrine that it is to the healthyjects in a popularly written book, "The

out:

won & watch that time. *..

activity of our that we

(Continued on next Column.):

translated into English..