1916-03-11 — Page 7

THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, SATURDAY, MARCH 11TH, 1826.

GERMAN MONEY AND GERMAN LULL IN SUBMARINE RAIDS.

FOOD.

HOW APPARENT CONTRADICTIONS CAN BE RECONCILED.

Two factors in the coonomic condition of Germany, of very unequal degrees of complexity, but both of them sufficiently productive of dispute, are continually thrusting themselves into public notice, One is the condition of the food supply, the other that of the currency. The first is at ones the simpler and the more vital; but the second is not without keen interest, and in so far as it is puzzling, the pazzle has a standard the attraction attaching to problem, recurring in generation after generation. When German statesmen or Journalists refuse to accept the transae tions of foreign exchange as indicative of inflation and debasement of the tional currency, they are doing just what British statesmen and journalists did a hundred years ago, and what for some time they porsisted in doing even after the famous report of the Bullion Committee, fullowing Ricardo's lead lund clearly set forth the true doctrine,

na-

is to be found in a letter contributed to

THE MEDITERRANEAN SWEEP.

There is at present a significant lull, but a welcome one for all that, in the campaign of the German submarines in the Meditar- газсад, This is entirely in accordance with expectations and conforms, more over, to what happened on the occasions of the two earlier raids. It clearly beyond the power of the boats to make a pro- longed and sustained attack on commerce. They can carry out an assault, by careful preparation and organization of their re- sources, designed to make an impression and in create a certain amount of belief in their deadly power on the part of those who have not gone very deeply into the matter, but to continue and extend their achievements so that they will have an in- fluence on the condnet or course of the war is quite another thing.

ERZERUM.

THE KEY OF ARMENIA

"Erzerum" means the fortress of Rume." In the days when a European Empire governed Asia Minor, when Rome or Constantinople kept the porce from the Euphrates to the Atlantic, Errerum was the great fortress of the north-eastern | froutier. When the Eastern Empire bo gan to crumble under the blows of Islam Erzerum fall. For sang saven hundred years Turkish sentries have watched upon its ramparts. It was a great fortress fil- teen centuries ago; it is a fortress of importance in this world-wide war. Arng and tactics, all the methods of war have been, niterly transformed, but the centres of strategy remain unchanged."

|

· UNCLAIMED

TELEGRAMS.

FROM

The following in a list of unclaimed telograms lying in the Great Northern Telegraph Company's office at Hongkong mer

ADDERSH Ackland, Chartered Bank Chowkamrang,

Tokio Kungabong-

Shanghai loeng, Connaught kond-

Amor Fook tahun

incolim. As or Hotel Amcy Stunggan, afo Fooksang,

Wyadham threat. Shanghai Jackkwan, je Kwangme-

chon, 1 Tour Ra.

Shanghai

CHURCH SERVICES.

many nor Austrin has enough submarines through whien movement is only possible Mguidest, Flintoff (2nd

"BUAT LOB8FB IN THE BLOCKADE."

There can be no doubt that neithor Ger- to exert the desired effect upon the trade of this Allies. How many submarines would be necessary to put into force an effective blockade" of the British Isles and at the same time to hamper seriously estimated

It has been shown, however, that, with the mutaber in the German war, and those flotilla at the outbreak added feverishly during the first six months hostilities, the enemy was quite umble to accomplish what he set out to do

u the waters around our coast.

19

ST JOHN'S CATHEDRAL. Hongkong. Ist Sunday in Lont, 1th March, 1916. Holy Com muofon (9.5 a.m.) introit, Hymn 90; Offertars, The immediate importance of Erzeru Hymn (3rd tune), verses, 5 and 6 consists in the fact that it commands Communion. $37, Benediction, Hyma 858 (4 Hymn 551; Service the only way by which Russia and Turkey

Merbocks. Matins (11 m.) Responses can get at cae other. It is true that o the Caucasian front this itussu-Turkish Ferial; Verite, Burrowes; Psalms, 62 and 63; Te Deum, Baltiskill, Jonts and Hopkins (4th Frontier is some 700 m,es long. But you

oven ng); Jubilare, Green 26th morning); might as well ask an anty to advance in a broad front across Switzerland na loos Hymnt, 2 nod 52 God Save the King.

Even o 8, 5, 5 Responsas, Ferial; Feaime, of for military operations all along the line

the 12th from the Black Sea to the Caucasus, The

Dimittle, Haber (16th morn whole country is a jumble of mountains,ving;

O Barlour of the Wirle, upon a very few tracks. There is, indeed, Go, Hymn 84 and 15. NB--Peal. 65, SAE versen 17 28. And 14 in noison; Psalm 66, only one rond ucru, the frontier by whic

verzes 3,5 and 7 in noison. Large Gries can be supplied, and that is verses 4, 7, 14 and 13 in unison; Fealm 57, Kars it will not be forgotten that almost fighting upon this front. The operati03 began with a Turkish offensive, and ende in a Turkish disaster. Then as now, the heavy fighting was between Aars and Erzerum This is not the result of chans or lack of strategic resource, but gengt phical necessity. Aries can only fight where their feet will take them-and the, food.

the aucient trade route from Erzerum to

BT. ANDREW'S CHURCH, Kowloon. 12'h

Post by a gentlemen, who, as way amply the traffic in the Mediterranean, cannot be exactly a year ago we had news of heavy Hyma (41 (Knerling); Rosponses, Ferial;

At that time the Austriatis hard less than a dozen effective boats, and until the tor-

An interesting illustration of the pit falls with which such questions are beset the coutons of the New York Evening evidenced by the character of his whole communication, is thoroughly versed in the subject. Let us add at one that he did not shake the mistake of drawing from his figures any conclusion as to the actual condition of the German carrency; whai he did do was to leave upon, the reader the impression thay the condition is less serious in point of inflation than is the enge with the British currency. This impedeing of the Leon Gambetta in April, pression was produced especially by the 1915, their flet la accomplished practically folding statoueat, with which the letter nothing in the way of offensive operations gainst the Allied ships. A few ruunths later, however, German influence and energy appear to have got to work. In the North Sen and adjacent waters the loses of on merchant shipping and war vessels had been at a greater rate than that at which new boats were being passed into service. In Mr. Balfour's words, deeds which were merely erimus in May had in September More come to be regarded as blunders. serious than the destruction of the U boots themselves was the loss of their highly trainer officers and men. Clearly the drain could not go on.

closes!

Consequently, while both Great Britain und Germany have resorted to measures which in principle amount to a suspension of their respective Bank Acts, wad while

THE CAUCABUS COMMUNICATIONS.

March, 1st Sunday in Lon), Morning Prayer Venits, 14k turning; Palms, As Sst; Te Deus, Bitself; Jubinte, Hayes; Hymns, 142 162 and 178, Nati un Anthem, Evening Prayer, 6. Hyms, 24 tube 31 A and M); Respons. Frial: Psalms. As Si; Magut. Host, W. A. Canet N Nane Dluittar, WA Chant N.; Hymns, 1 7, 151 and 224. Vexper Hymn, National Anthem, Holy Communion

at 3 m

ST. PETER'S CHUROR, West Polat, Sun day 18th March: m., Holy Communion II' · 12. Morning Prayer and Sermon..

UNION CAUROH, Kennedy Road, Sunday, 12th March, Mersing Service, at 14. Hymns, 36 805, 5 9 and gi Subject, "dou's Tolerance of Evil," "Erening

and 371. Sabject: "Inings near at har. Preacher: Rev. J. Kirk Maconach e

We speak of the Caucasian trout, and it is probate that many people reading Le Russian vine liver lacter, Rer. W 1. Festerstone think of the great peaks of the Caucasus,

wruz and the rest, an imagine Laugh ing mong the vast gorges on that rauge.

miles south of the Caucasus, Even Titlis, the Russian base, is well to the south of those obtains. Bars, the great nu stan frontier fortress. by still farther to The south, The snow and which the

these casures have been carried through von Tirpitz's fotillas during their attacks but the lusso-Turkisa frontier, is man Service at 6. Hymas, 375, 112, 31, 459

in England to such an extent as to make this suspension of the Peel Act operative in fact, "the total circulation of paper cuc rency in Germany remains well within the limits of the Bank Act, and, what is more. the gold stock alone is still in excess of the minimum limit fixed in tho Bank Act for tho metallic stock ut every'description,

A CHANGE OP POLICY,

Thwarted at home, the Germans turned their attention to the long and vulner- able jine of communications in the Mediter ranean, increased in volume and value by the expedition to the Dardanelles. There were reports that the Austrians, Turks, and, later on, the Bulgarians, were being supplied with submarines from German es tablishments. Bome boats were dispatched in sections and relaunched into, the Adria tic; others made the long voyage from Wilhelmshaven under their own power. Thus the Germans virtually abandoned the policy of bleekading the British Isles and cutting of the supply of food and materials Submarines cannot be in two places at once, and, the few boats which remained after the considerable losses in- ficted by the British patrols and defensive arrangements being drawn upon for use elsewhere, there can have been hardly any left for use around the coast of Great Bri-

Russians have forced the advance the that the range of the Caucasus has its snow of the passes of Armenia. It is tru influence upon the operations, but only by complicating the Russian communications. The mountains of the Caucasus form be of the strongest barriers in the world. The only true parake is to be found in the Himalayas. To this day, though Rus- sis hay held important territory south of the mountaing for nearly a century, they are pierced by only one road, the famous "Georgian road through the centre, which tareads its way by one of the wou ders of the world, the cleft 5,000it, deep, called the Gorge of Dariel, which the Romans knew as the Caucasian Gates. There is, indeed, a railway between Trans- Caucasia and European Russia, but it avoids the great range by winding along the shore of the Caspian Bes; and so work ing its way to the i.fields of Baku. By this one line all heavy traffic for the Ros- sian army must come. On the south of the Caucasus, a railway but for the Caspian olj trade connects Baku with the Black Sea port of Batoum, This line passes through. Titlis, the capital of the Caucasus, and thence a branch line diverges to the fortress of Kars. Two years ago an exten. sion was completed to Sarikamish, on the

GOSPEL HALL.

10 AND 12 FEDDER STREET.

Weekly Services:- Sunday:-Breaking of Bread for Believers

only, 11 a.m. Bunday: Children's Sunday School, Sunday: Gospel Meeting, 8 p.m. Monday:-Gospel Meeting for Chinese,

J.M.

7.30 p.m. Tuesday-Exposition of Scripture, 8 p.m. Thursday:Bible Class, 8 p.m. Saturday:-Prayer Meeting, 8 pm,

CHURCH NOTES-

The following meetings have been arranged for Monday next, March 13th ----

4.30 p.m.-Conference, China Congregs. tonal Church, Ladder Street,

7.30 p.m.-Fublic meeting, To Tani Church, Hollywood "Road,

INDIGESTION

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"FOR THE BLOOD IS THE LIFE.”

Sure Signs of Blood Impurity.

Now, without challenging in any way the adequacy of the figures to establish this conclusion, the question regis, what does the conclusion itself signity? While the writer refrained from commenting on it, surely nine renders out of tow will understand it to mean that "Great Britain bas gone farther on the road of inflation than Germany has But in reality it means nothing of the kind. That Germany has not issued paper money beyond the law, as it stood before the war, alowed. white Great Britain was, may be an in- teresting just, but it throws ao light what- Since over on the question of inflation. the Peel Act admitted of no expansion whatever of the currency by mors of. banknote issues-all issues beyond a fixed aunt being mere representatives of an equal amount of gold held by the Bank- while the German banking low permitted the issuo of banknotes to three times the

BLACKHEADS, ount of the gold covering thou, those was a theoretical possibility of enormous inflation in Germany, without infraction of the law, while in England un such pos

That theoretical posta sibility existed, sibility has been converted into an gctual one by the gathering into the Reichsbank of vast quantities of gold, after a fashion not thought of in ponce times. The stock of gold on which the paper circulation of 8600,000,000. Germany rosis is about whercas before the war it was only about $300,000,000; and this has permitted Ger many, while remaining, as this correspon. well within the limits of the dont says, Bank Act," to add to the volume of hor paper currency not 1.200,000,000 marks the equivalent of that added stock of gold in the Bank-but the vast suma of some- thing like 3,000,000,000 marks,

F

This assumption is borne out by the actual course of events. The procedure at present ems to be that successive waves of effort are made in the Mediterranean. We are able to trace three distinct waves or sweeps of the kind so far, of which the third appears to be just now waning, or at an end. The first of these raids, although there counet have been more than two bonts concerned in it, was the most success ful, having the all-important element of surprise, and two battleships were sunk in three days at the Dardanelles,

To be aduressed by the Secretaries of the China Continuation Committee, the Secretary of the Evangelistic Committee of the China Continuation Committee and the General Secretary of the China Sun- day School Union. Adults interested in Evangelistic and Bible Teaching, Adult Bible Classes, and Social Servico are cor frontier. Thits the Russians found the selves with a rail-bead on the frontierdially invited to attend. line just in time for this war. But it is ony by the scanty and roundabout eys

tems that their Cariensian army can mak-in show. The "position of Koprikol," any use of railway transport.

THE ARMENIAN' PLATEAU.

Hasgan

Wine seems to have been captured and apadutined sp tae gouble, is upon the hewi waters of the river Araxes. A fictio faze In this matter, omwever, quey are la

iner on ide road crosses the water-shed mugs roroanele tuga" La LETES, 140TO 19

all comes into puu valley of the Euphrates, noellway in Asia Minor waica comes"

úpou waica Bands Erzerum, Within hundreds or mes of the dussian

Kate, another line of defence, lieg at the frontier. Everyining brought by land, munitions, supplies, then, must be delayed "eing out of the plain. The third post- tion from which the Turks were hurried by weeks of marching over mountain! tracks. Thong is, indeed, an alternative Was Develi Boyun. The name, which On the second occasion a somewhat dif

"camel's neck," indicates itu means So far as Turkish shipping is adequate,

character. It is a broad ridge of ground. When, in any country, the paper cur- ferent line was taken. No doubt by this

a litle east of Erzerum, running across time depots had been stranged for, probab-ng armies on the frontien can be rein- rency in etreutation is not freely redeem

the road. Forts were constructed upon t abe in gold on demand, the question wuely-at that date, before the attention of forced by sea, The considerable port o Trebizond is only a few days distant from

long before the war, and it was understood ther, and to what degree, there is inflation

Erzerum. But Turkish communications-

that these formed an essential part of the ur debasement, is not to be answered by a comparison between the volume of that

by sea have been much barassed by Rae defences of Erzerum. A year ago or more Bia flotilas. The great destruction of

we heard of German officers reorganising currency and the gold which, in some sense

shipping along the northern coast of Asia

the fortifications and the mounting of new stands behind it. The ratio of one-third,

| Minos which the Russians announced some

guns. It is sufficiently obvious that tho which is doubtless more than sufficient, in

little time ago probably has some convectransport of heavy artillery and its ani- normal conditions, to assure the soundness

tion with the collapse of the Turkish remunition to Erzerum, whether for defence. and parity of the currency is

or attack, must be a difficult matter. guarantee of that soundness and parity

Without the aid of modern guns the cap- when the gold bay boon accumulated in the extraordinary way that has been the case

ture of the Develi Boyun ridge would not in Germany. The question in such a case

necessarily involve the fall of the town. In 1877 the Russians carried the position, is not how the volume of the currency con

but failed to take Erzerum. A little later, pares with what the law happens to per-

however, they occupied the town during mit, but how it compares with what woub

an armistice as a hostage for Turkey's by useded for the transaction of the nai tion', business if parity with gold wero

good faith, surrendering it again under hasured in the ordinary way.

the provisions of the Treaty of Berlin.

Erzeruta In the food question, the most vital point

The original importance of

до

the Spanish authorities was directed to the matter-un the coast of Spain, the coast of Morocco, and an island or other suitable place farther cast, This assured supplio of ammunition and fuel over a wide radius, and enabled one or more hosts to leave their German base and adopt lurking too tics in a continuous chain of localities.sistance on the frontier, Thus a submarine could begin operations on the passage round the North of Scot land or somewhere down south of St. George's Channel, and, if fortunate enough to escape retribution, cross the Bay of Bis cay, as soon as her shells or torpedoes were expended to the first improved base. She would next be heard of as having pass ed through the Straits of Gibraltar and made a fresh haul somewhore to the north of Morocco. Disappearing again, she would reappear a few days later in the Aegean

Thus the later tactics are a little more complicated to deal with, but what is clearly needed is an eficient organization

To understand the campaign it is neces

of the sary to appreciate the nature Armenian- plateau of which Erzerum is the chef city, Erzerbiai itselt stands 8,000ft above the sea, and yet it is a city of the plain. Not far away the round mass of Mount Ararat rises to a height of 17,000, 100it above Mont Hane Armenia is a tangle of mountains among which rather dreary stretches of plain and

was due to commerce is well ag war. It broad, fertile valleys lie isolated esch from the other. A system of communica was a contra of communication between tion over its peaks or through its gorges East and West as well as a fortress to would tax the resources of modern en- ward off the barbarian. Trebizond, 06 wo have seen, is less than a week's march gineering. All through history it has been difficult to weld together or to govern distant, and from Trebizond the way lies from any centre. The country seems des-open by water-borne trafie into the heart tined for the home of isolated or hostile tribos, full of refuges for the persecuted r the persecutor, not easily to be per

FORTKEES OF ERZEKŮM.

and direction of all the counter.measures, such as that arranged by Lord Fisher when von Tirpitz began his blockade "in the Channel and North Sen. Basea like Solluni-

the chief things to sim at There ermeated by any law or civilisation. other phases of an effective ro.y to the sub- marines, of course, and the problema-it not made any easier by the fact that three navies are concerned in the undertaking- But, with unity of control, and energy ia, Execution on the part of the French, Its lisa, and British scame there is no reant why we should be troubled so much in future with the submarine peril in the Mediterranean.

at issue turns not on the determination of the facts, but on the appraisal of their significance. As to the facts, there is a constant see-saw between official or semi- official Assurances, on the one hand, that Germany can hold out indefinitely upon her own sources of food, and abundant re- ports, on the other. of privation and dis coating over food-scarcity. No absolute contradiction, however, is involved what ths Government organs are thinking about is the possibility of kooping activo, of avert ing-starvation or near starvation what the complaining newspapers are talking about is the hardships that the people are suffering in the process. There is no geri-. eus doubt that Germeny can go on indo- finitely without starvation; her people are suffering grievously from scarcity of food, The question is not whether they can keep an doing this, but whether they will. The importanos of any manifestation of discon- *tent les not in what it teaches us as to the physical facts of to-day but what it portends as to the psychica facts of to WATTOW. The German people, it was re coully said by one of their newspapers- will, in the scarcity of food, be sustained. by hate. We do not believe it; want will they will not -sustain them is not. hate, but hope. If the war is to be brought to a close through German submission, this will come from which is making

up for the shortage in the supply of customed food. For a great abject, anul a possible one, the German people will on dure great privation; for an imposibility And upon this rests the real value to the Allies of the shutting out of food supplies as a means of bring ing the way to a succes! conclusion. — New York Nation,

"

of Europe. Upon the other gide, caravan routes radiate into Syria and Persia and the Far East The city lay for centuries- been an emporium of Oriental carpets and other fabrics. It has small interest to the traveller. You wander by tortuous streets Erzerum covers the one great highway through an adorous congeries of drab grey which penetrates into Armenia from Rus houses, which are unrelieved by a touch sian amritory. If you wish to estimate of brighter colour. There is rdly a the rigour of the weather in the recent building worth a second glance, and from fighting, you may note that deg is end to end of the place not a single tree, comunen winter minimam, even in the The people offer you more entertainment plain, Through this

thau the town. It is guessed that there plain the Russing cavalry have been advancing upon the are 80.000 in Erzerums, and somsons has town. The Turkish forces beaten at Lake said that they all speak different lan- Tortum were some fifty miles away, add guages. If this is too grosque durexag to reach Erzerum again must traverse geration, if the variety of speech and race mountain paths deep in snow. No doubt and costume in the bazaars of Erzerum the Russian advance is being pressi does not final the wonders of Tiflis, and

long various tracks which converge on the city, but all fighting must depend upon the main road The distance by this high way from Kars to Erzera is some 14 miles. There is some open ground just by the frontier at Sarikamish, Thence the road winds through a mass of mountain Country, vine, and peak alike, now deep

if Erzerum lacks, as certainly it does the piquant contrast of Tiflis, came's jostling electric trams, at least it offers an epione of the trading races of the Near East, Armeniens, Tartars, Jews, Persians, Arabs, and heaven knows what of hybrids with the truculent Kurd as an omnipresent menace-Daily Telegraph

The continual appearing through the şkin of ECZEMA, BLOTCHES, SPOTS, PIMPLES, BOILS, SURES AND ERUPTIONS OF ANY KIND.

The throbbing sching pains of BAD LEGS, ULCERS ABSCESSES, SCRO FULA, GLANDULAR SWELLINGS, BLOOD POISON, PILES.

The Dread Grip of RHEUMATISM, SCIATICA, LUMBAGO, GOUT;

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- KLASSEZ NIA CUME-

BES THAT THÁOK KAPERD WORD (THERAPION" IS OF 58 BRAYAG, IT, ITA STAFILEHOTSALENUINE PACKETE

PUUST DIE. HAVING THERAPION