1915-10-08 — Page 7

THE ANCIENT DEFENCE OF

ENGLAND.

FOUNDATION OF NATIONAL SERVICE

THE FREEMAN'S PRIVILEGE.

111.-MEDIEVAL REGULATIONS.

THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 8ın, 1915.

Into the details of the "Assize of Arms" it is unnecessary here to enter. Are they not written in every advanced text-book of English history? Three things, how ever, are to be noted. First, that the duty and privilege of military service are still bound up with freedom; no unfree man is to be admitted to the oath of arms. Secondly, that upon freemen the oblige tion is still universal: all burgesses and the whole community of freemen (tota com The military system of the Anglo-muna liberorum hominum) are to providlo Saxons is brsed upon universal service, themselves with doublets, iron skullcaps, Thirdly, that, closely as and lance." under which is to be understood the duty freedom had during the centuries of every freeman té respond, in person to feudalism become associated with tenancy of land, the national militia had not been the summons to arms, to equip himself. at

PART. 1.

from

SHIPPING IN PORT.

STAMERS.

The country went wild with joy at the Charles II., recovery of ita freedom. however, was bent on securing for his own despotic purposes a standing CHANGCHOw, British str., 1,207, Morse, Henco he obtained permission

21st October--Swatow 30th September, Parliament to have a permanent body

General. Butterfield & Swire. guard, and he gradually increased its

OHOBEN MARU, Japanese str., 1,150, numbers until he had some 6,000 troops

Yamanay 30th September-Moji 24th James II. regularly under his command,

September, Coal.-Osaka Shoren Kai- increased them to 15,000, and by their

sha means tried to overthrow the religion and CHUN SANG, British str., 1,418, C. J. Mattock,

He was da the liberties of the nation.

lat October-Java 21st Sept., Sugar- tested and driven out; but his effort to Jardine, Matheson & Co. establish a military despotism made the DAGFIN, Norwegian str., 697, A. F. Salvesen

"It is indeed naine of "abanding army stink in the postrils of the nation. impossible," said one of the leading states- men of the early Eighteenth Century, that the liberties of the people, can be

" The

his own exponse, and to support himself involved in foudal meshes: the obligation preserved in any country where e nuiner-HAIONING, British str., 1,287, J.

at his own charge during the campaign."

of service remained still personal, not territorial.

די

ous standing army is kept up. national militia continued, as of old, to stand for freedom and self-government.

The voluntarily enlisted standing army was regarded as the enging and emblem of tyranny.

V.—THE LAST TWO CENTURIES-

JAVA-CHINA JAPAN LIJN

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REGULAR FORTNIGHTLY SERVICE BETWEEN -** JAVA, CHINA AND JAPANISH

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For Particulars of Freight and Passage, spply to the

lat October-Nanss Bay 28th Septem-TJIKEMBANG, ber, Salt-Thoresen & Ca HANOI, French str., 729 Morvan, October TJIBODAS... 4th-Haiphong October 1st, General.. "TJILIWONG-

A. R. Marty.

8. Thomson, 6th October-Foochow 3rd October, General.-Douglas Lapraik & Co. KAIJO MARU, Japanese str., K. Mura- kami, 6th October-Tamsui 4th Octo- ber, General-Osaka Shosen Kaisha. HSINCHANG, Chineno atr., W. Monro, 5th September, October-Tientsin 28th General,-Order. The Eighteenth Century saw a constant KAWACHI MARU, Japanese str. 3,829, Kurozumi, 6th October-Singapore struggle on the part of constitutionalists

30th September, General-Nippon to get rid of the standing army altogether.

Tusen Kaisha, Army Acts were limited in their operation to a year at a time, and were passed under LOONGSANG, British str., 1,093, Leash, October, incessant protest. Grants to maintain the 5th October-Manila 4th

General-Jardine, Matheson & Co. Army were similarly restricted. interval of peace witnessed the rapid 13-MANILA MARU, Japanese str., 0,031,

But the ductions of the Regular forces.

Kobayashi. 5th October Yokohama Wars were, fequent, 21st September, General and Coal.-- times were adverse.

Osaka Shosen Kaisha. and on an ever-increasing scale of magni- tude and duration. The standing army MATBURA MARU, Japanese str.. 1,943, had to be maintained and, indeed, steadi-

In 1205, Jobn, fearing an invasion of L-UNIVERSAL OBLIGATION TO SERVE.

the Kingdom, called to arms all the militia Aworn and equipped under the Assize, With the words quoted at the head of this article Gneist, the German historian all the freemen of the realm. Short shrift was to be given to any who disobeyed the Jui vero ad summonitionem of the English Constitution, begins his summons: secount of the early military system of non vonerit habeatur pro capitali inimico our ancestors. He is, of course, merely domini regis et regui." (He who does stating a matter of common knowledge to not come shall be regarded as a capital all students of Teutonic institutions. What enemy of the King and Kingdom.) The he says of the Anglo-Saxons is equally penalty was to be the peculiarly appro true of the Feanks, the Lombards, the priate one of reduction to perpetual ser- Visigoths, and other kindred peoples. But vitude. The disobedient and disloyal sub- it is a matter of such fundamental inject would ipso facto divest himself of the portance that I will venture, even at the distinguishing mark of his freedom.

Henry III in 1223 and 1231 made sit risk of tedious repetition, to give thre

In 1252, in a notable writ for confirmatory quotations from English lar levics.

enforcing Watch and Ward and the Assize authorities.

af Arms, he extended the obligation of service to villans and lowered the age limitly enlarged. to fifteen. Edward I reaffirmed these By the Saxon laws every freeman, of an

new departures in his well-known Statute age capable of bearing arms, and not in of Winchester (1285), in which it is enacted capacitated by any bodily infirmity, was the every man have in his house horness in case of a foreign invasion, nternal infoy to keep the peace after the ancient Burrection, or other emergency obliged to assize, that is to say, every man between fifteen years of age and sixty years." Further, he enlarged the armoury of the militinman by including among his weapons the axe end the bow.

Grose, in his "Military Antiquities," enys:

join the army.

Freeman, in his Nortinas Conquest," speaks of

the right and duty of every free English man to be ready for the defence of the Commonwealth with arms befitting his own degree in the Commonwealth.”

Finally, Stubbs, in his "Constitutional History, clearly states the case in the words:

Every

The

Sudu, 1st October-Wakamatsu 25th September, Coal.-Mitsui Bussan Kaisha.

NAMBANG, British str., 2.501, H. E.

Gilroy, 6th October Singapore 30th September, General. Jardine, Matheson & Co.

QUARTA, British str. 4,000, C. Horku, 6th October-Bangkok 26th Septem- ber, Riee-Butterfield & Swire. SBIRON, British str., 1,320, Wm. Sangster, October 4th-Saigon September 29th Rice-Order.

C. T. S. Filmer, 5th October San Francisco 4th September, General.-- Toyo Kisen Kaisha

3,466, MARU Japanese str.. Hawasa, 1st October-Manila 28th September, General.-Osaka Shosen Kaisha.

TACOMA

But the militia for home defence was never allowed to become extinct, and it enjoyed an immense popularity, In 1787 it was carefully reorganised by statute. The number of men to be raised was settled, and each district was compelled to provide a certain proportion." selection was to be made by ballot, to the complete exclusion of the voluntary prin- ciple. During the Napoleonic war, The long, aggressive wars of Edward I when invasion seemed imminent, the milSHINTO MADU, Japanese str., 6,362. W in Wales and Scotland, and the still tie was several times called out and em- longer struggles of the Fourteenth Cen-bodied. In 1808 the principle of universal tary in France, could not, of course, bf obligation on which it was based was clear. waged by means of the national militio. ly stated by Castlereagh in the House of Even the feudal lory was unsuited to their Commons. Ho spoke of the undoubteri requirements. They were waged mainly prerogative of the Clown to call upon the by mentis of hired professional armies. services of all liege subjects in ease of inva Parliament- now factor in the Constitusion." tion took pains in these circumstances to the obliga-limit by statute the liabilities of the old An Act of 1398 decreed national forces. that no one should be compelled to go be yond the bounds of his own country, ex cept when necessity or a sudden irruption of foreign foes into the realm required it. Another Act, 1359, provided that the mili tia should not be compelled to go beyond the realm in any circumstances whatso ever without the consent of Parliament. Both these Acts were confirmed by Henry IV. in 1402.

The host was originally the people in arms, the whole free population, whether landowners or dependents, their son, ser- vants, and touants Military service was a personal obligation tion of freedom" and again: "Every man who was in the King's peace was liable to be summoned to the host at the King's call."

There is no ambiguity or uncertainty The Old about these pronouncements.

was the English" fyrd," or militis, nation in arms. The obligation to serve It bad no relation to was a personal one. the possession of land; in fact it dated track to an age in which the folk was still

all.

At the moment when he spoke, however, the imminent fear of invasion had been removed removed, indeed, for a century by Nelson's crowning victory in Trafal gar

From that time forward-the-mili tary forces of the Crown were required not so much for the defence of the United Kingdom itself as for the provision of garrisons for the vast Empire which had grown up during the Eighteenth Century. These imperial garrisong had necessarily to be drawn from professional troops But the old obligation of voluntarily enlisted.

Thus the militia

TAMON MARU, Japanese str., 1,828, Y. Fujita, 27th September-Miike 22nd Bussan September, Coal. -- Mitsui Kaisha, Fraser, October 3rd-Saigon Septem- TELEMACHUB, British str., 1,350, Arthur

ber 26th, General and Rice.-Order. 5th October--Balik Papan 27th Sep TJIBODAS, Dutch str., 2,053, E. H. Kroos, tomber, General and Sugar-Jave China Japan Lija. Prynn, 8th October-Saigon 2nd TONGHONG, British str., 1.313, F. J.

October, General-Order.

York Buildings, 1st Floor.

Hongkong, 6th Octol er, 1915

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VISITORS AT HOTELS

HONGKONG HOTEL

Mr Geo: E Ander.on

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Cuatro

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Mr Mrs F.J. Barkey

migratory and without a fixed territory at universal service for home defence remain-declined. An attempt was made in 1869 UNKAI MARU, Japanese str., 1,988, G, Ka- Mr J. H. Baring

ance.

to revive it, and again the underlying principle of compulsion was explicitly re- cognised. The Militia Act of that year contains the provision:

"In case it appears to H.M.

-that car.

masaki,

Mr & Mra K. P. V Mr A. N. Lawrence

Lekhasterly

Mr G. 1. Lloyd Mr S Longfield Miss E E. Mahony Mr & Mrs W. Maling Mr Mansueld De & Mrs O. Marriots MY G. Mor Mr S. M. Mayes Mr D. DoMurray.

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TEMIDER. “{ ZW

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W E. towerma

Mr B. K. Mehta Mr. V. Browa Mr & Mis R. D Bunn Capt H. E Morten General and child

Mr Was, Moore Mr Mr. A. Mr & Mr H. J. Bad Morgan EW. Neighbour

October 4th-Wakamatsu It was incumbent upon all able ed intact. It was, in fact, enforced by

September 18th, Caal. Miteni Bus bodied males between the ages of sixteen Edward IV. in 1464, when on his own

san Kaishs, and sixty. Failure to obey the summon authority, he ordered the Sheriffs to pro-

WAASA MARU, Japanese str. 3.380, Ikuno, 6th October-Moji 1 Octo- was punished by a heavy fine known as claim that "every man from sixteen to kixty be well end defensibly urrayed and

ber, GeneralNippon Yusen Kaisha. "fyrdwite."

be ready to attend on his High-the number of men required

WAISHING, Britsh str., 1.171, M. Pick- There is another peint of prime signific-

ness upon a day's warning in resistance not be raised by voluntary enlistment nell, 29th September-Bangkok 23rd Universal service was, it is true,

But it was more: it was of his enemies and rebels and the defenc

September, Rice and ... or 90 case of actual invasion or a'n obligation.

Not to be sum of this his realm." This notable incident imminent danger thereof, it shall be law.

Jardine, Matheson & Ca the mark of freedom. moned marked a man as a staro, o cerf, carries us to the end of the Middle Ages,ful for H.Mto order and direct and shows us the Old English principle in that this the number of men so required an alien. The famous "Assize of Arins"

shall be raised by ballot as herein ends with the words: "Et praecepit res vigorous operation.

provided." quod nullus reciperetur ad sacramentum armorum nisi liber homo." A summons. was a right quite as much as a duty. The English were a brave and martial race, proud of their ancestral liberty. Not to be called to defend it when it was on dangered, not to be allowed to carry arms to maintain the integrity of the father land, was a degradation which branded a man as unfree.

of war.

THE OLD ENGLISH MILITIA.

...

PART II.

The effort at revival was unfortunately IV. TUDOR AND STUART DEVELOPMENTÄ, " The Wars of the Roses, so fatal to the vain, and when in 1859 international feudal nobility, left the national militia trouble again seemed to be brewing, in the only organised force in the country.stead of appealing once more to the im The Tudor period it is true, saw the faint Regular Army in foreshadowing of a Honry VII.'s Yeomen of the Guard, and the nucleus of a Volunteer Force in the Honourable Artillery Company, establish

But ed in London under Henry VIII. these at the time bad little military import

memorial defence of the country, the Government weekly and with most deplor. able result allowed the formation of a new body, the volunteers a body whose patriotism was noble, whose intentions were admirable, but whose inefficiency La came and remained a byeword. The mili

serve.

CHILDREN OF TAR CATHAY

1 SOCIAL BB POLITICAL WOYES OF

By OHAH. .. MALOOMER.

Corries, Author of "The Myubla Formerly of the Imperia: Chinese Curione

Flowery Land," eta

JAB VÕLUME, which consists of 45%

Pages, and includes a Sketch Plas

THE

This primitive national militia was not, it must be admitted, a very efficient foreeance, and England remained dependent, tia continued ingloriously, mainly as a

for her defence throughout the Fifteenth cursery for the Regular Army,

Finally, in 1908, Mr. (now Lord) Hal

it historical interest showing the diayoal Century, that age of unprecedented pros

new Territorial and Reserve is dedicated to Bir Romet Hapt, perity and glory, upon her militant mondane absorbed both volunteers and militation of the Forces at the battle of Kweilin,

Hence the Tudor Monarchs paid into the hood. great attention to the maintenance and Forces, the militia becoming a Special RG.C.M.G., &d Dr. A. RINN,

It is much to be regretted thas

Ita description of Chinese Hostas equipment of the militia. The practice (which had grown up in the later Middle the Act of 1908 did not expressly reafirm Ages) of limiting the normal call to arms the continued validity of the compulsory Customs and Baperstitions, combined to a certain quota of men from each coun- principle of service which from the earl-with the insight it gives into politica est times has been the basis of the militia, onditions in China, maken "CHILDRAR If the required num-

FAR CATHAY" an excellent volume for try was revived.

presentation to friends at Homs. bere were not forthcoming compulsion was But, though it did not expressly reaffirm Statutes were passed making it it left it absolutely unimpaired and in. Said Mr. Haldane himself in the employed. discipline more rigid. Lords Lieutenant tact. were instituted to take over the command, House of Commons on April 13th, 1910: with added powers, from the Sheriffs. An"The Militis Ballot Acts and the Acts important Mustering Statute (1557) was relating to the local militia are still - enacted, graduating afresh tho universal repealed, and could be enforced if neces liability to service, and making new pro- sary." vision for weapons and organisation. Wa liam Harrison, writing in 1587, said:

It lacked coherence and training; it was deficient both in arms and in discipline; it could not be kept together for long eam paigne The Kings, therefore, from the frat supplemented it by means of a band of personal followers, a bodyguard of pro- fessional warriors, mounted, well and uniformly armed, and practised in the art Nevertheless, the main defence of the country rested with the "fyrd." The Danish invasions put it to the severest test and revealed its military defects. It was one of the most notable achievements of Alfred to reorganise and reconstitute it. Thus reformed, with the support of on evergrowing body of King's thegus, wrought great deeds in the days of Alfred, Edward, and Athelstan, and recovered for England security and peacS. In the days of their woaker successors, however, all the forces that England could muster failed to keep out Sweyn and Canute, and, above all, failed to hold the field at Hast ings.

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Such is the condition of things at the Ag for able men for service, thanked be present time. The principle of compul- God! we are not without good store; orory military service, obligatory upon by the musters taken 1574-5. our numbers every able-bodied male between the ages amounted to 1,172,874, and yet were they of sixteen and sixty, is still the funda- It has The Norman Conquest might have been not so narrowly taken but that a third mental principle of the English Law, both expected to involve the extinction of the part of this like multitude was left unbill. Common Law and Statute Low,

been obscured by the pernicious voluntary English militia, For feudalism as deed and uncalled. veloped by William I. was strongest on its This from a population estimated at less principle, which, in the much-abused name military side, and William's main fores than six million all told! Such was the of Liberty, has shifted a universal duty But host on which England relied for safety upon the shoulders of the patriotic-few..

been revoked was the levy of his feudal tenants, quite the contrary happened. The Nor-in 1588, if by chance the galleons of Spain But it has man Monarchs and their Angevin succes-should elude the vigilance of Drake and repudiated.

It is not National Service, but the sors were, as a matter of fact, mortally should land Parma's hordes upon our

Well might the country feel at Voluntary System, that is un-English and afraid of their great feudal tenants, the shores,

from 1908; the Volunteers from 1859; the barons and knights through whom the ease behind such a Fleet and with such a unhistoric. The Territorial Army dates

Hence, as virile race of men to second it. Conquest had been effected,

The Stuarts did not take kindly to the Regular Army itself only from 1845. Bat English Kings, they assiduously intin- tained and fostered Anglo-Saxon institu- English militia. It was too democratic, for a millennium before the oldest of thera "fyrd," too free. James I., in the very first year the ancient defence of England was the When will it be wo tions, and particularly the which they used as a counterpoise to the of his reign, conferred upon its members Nation in Arms. feudal levy. They even called upon it the seductive but fatal gift of exemption again 7

of the Indian Mints to the Free Coinage & (By Professor FJ. C. Hoarnshaw in English Maile from the Tear of the Clouira Masters G. M. J. P. Mr L. Lobo

Elver for Continental service and took it across from the burden of providing their own

As he himself took care not to Morning Post.) the Channel to defend their French pro-weapons. vinces. Thus in 1073 it fought for W provide them too profusely, the fores liam I. in Maine; in 1004 William II speedily lost both in eficiency and in- The Civil War hopelessly summoned it to Hastings for an expedi- dependence. tion into Normandy: in 1102 it aided divided it, as it did the netwon, into hostile The Royalist section was ulti- Henry I to suppress the formidable re- factions.. volt of Robert of Belesme, Earl of Shrows mately crushed, while the Parliamentary bury; in 1138 it drove back the Scots at section was gradually absorbed into that the Battle of the Standard; and in 1174first great standing army which this coun- it defeated and captured Willium the Lion try ever knew, the New Model of 1045 For ot Alnwick. Bo valuable, indeed, did it prove to be that Henry II. resolved t a permanent footing an place it upon clearly to define its position. With that view he issued in 1181 his "Assize Armt."

Afteen years the people groaned under the dominance of this arbitrary, conscientious, and very expensive force.

Then, in 1660, came the Restoration and with it the disbanding of the New Model and the re-establishment of the militia.

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All Claims must be presented within FIFTEEN DAYS of the Steamer's arrival bezo, after which date they cannot be recognized,

No Claims will be admitted after the Goods have left the Godowns, and all Goods remaining undelivered after the 13th Ock, will be subject to rent:

No Fire Insuranos has been -effected. Bilis of Lading will be countersigned by

SHEWAN, TOMÈS & Co. Agent Hongkong, th October, 1915.

11059

FÜR - SUKUSH AND

AMERIVA,

kuvia, AustKALI), Mo., and for Privaro ResidÄNEN AT TEN ÖSTVOBIS, & Comprehensive and Complete Resord of the

NEWS OF THE FAB LAZD

1 given in the

HONGKONG WEEKLY

PRESS.

with which u incorporated

RIS. CHINA. Ovanland. ThADA EXPOWs, Bubscription, paid in advanës,

́ ́619 per sanum. Postres

ea to day part of :