Page
REPUBLIC OR MONARCHY? FULL TEXT OF DR. GOODNOWS MEMORANDUM TO THE PRESIDENT.
The Peking Daily Ners secured an authoritative English copy of Dr. Good- President Yuan now's mismorandum to Sbih Kai, which we reproduce:-
MONARCHIES ORIGINATE AVITH ONE MAN-
The determinativa in a given country of the form of government established there- in has been seldom if ever been the resu. of the conscious choice of the people of that country-von of the choice of its most intelligent classes.
soon hrought it about that that form is 'replaced by one which is Letter suited to the oantry's needs.
Under such conditions one of the most porplexing problems of government is probably more satisfactorily solved than has usually been the case in republics. For on the death of the monarch there is question as to the succession to the execa No election or other method As
tive power,
The
In
It is, however possible that George Washington, who had in the America armies during the revolution, night hae, it he had been inclined, established himself as king.
have succeeded him,
write.
cratic.
E
THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, TUESDAY, AUGUST 31st, 1915,
purpuss
The
It cannot, thonsfore, be doubted that
under less favourable attempting to introduce constitutional China has during the last few years bean government auspices than would have been the case had there been a royal family present which the people regarded with respect and to which they were loyal. The great problem of the Presidential succession would son still to be unsolved. present arrangement cannot be regarded
great danger that the difficulties which as satisfactory. When the present Presi dent lays down the cares of office there is are usually mident to the succession in present themselves: The attempt to solve. countries conditioned as is China will these difficulties may lead to disorders which if long continued may seriously
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LESSONS FROM REPUBLICAN EXPERIENCE.
What under these conditions should be of China at heart? Should they arivocate the attitude of those who have the welfare the continuance of the Republic or should they propose the establishment of monarchy
These are difficult questions to answer.
China's history and It is of course not susceptible of doubt that a monarchy is better suited than a republic to China, traditions, her social and resnomic cont
its full make it probable the the country. ment which it must develop if it is to 2 Stare would develop that constitutional govern preserva its independener as
as a monarchy than as more easily republic.
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2nd. The change from republic to monarchy would be of little avail if the law of succession is not so fixed that there will be no doubt as to the successor. The
It is succession should not be left to the Crown to determine for the reasons which have already been set forth at length. probably of course true that the authority ANY SOILED GOODS WILL BE CLEARED
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18th century when the United States off any attempt was for a long time mado in accordance, with the plans outlined But the hatred of alien rule America was formed. The American re by any of those who obtained political by the commission appointed for this power to educate the people generally made his impossible and the establish- velution was dus not so much to an at- tempt to overthrow monarchical govern through the establishment of schools at ment as to a desire upon the part of the to aid show in the acquisition of political ment of a republie seemed at the time of
The result was only alternative available, English colonies in America to obtain experience by according them participa the overthrow of the Manchus to be the
tion in the government." their independence of England. The suc ess of this revolution brought, however that when the strong hand which cou either to the increasing age or death of in its train, almost trees-arily, the estatrolled the country was relaxed, owing ishment of republican government. Theshim who pussessed political power, dis was no royal family left in the country to order again appeared, due to the struggles which its government might be entrusted of the lainnuts for the political succes. There was, furthermore, in the country asion--since no satisfactory solution of the succession was ached, distinct sentiment in favour of a republa question-of dur in large measure to the fact that Whatever progress the country bad been quite large number of those who has able to make churing its period of peace participated in the establishment of the was arrested and not infrequently the ill-fated English republie in the prrood anarchy and chaos which followed caused The establishing century and co to Amca and had serious deterioration in the economic
exerted even after their death an influ and social conditions of the connley.
What has happened in Mexico recently went on the one band of a monarchy or in the other hand of a repablic has in Elme in favour of republican inspitation:..
has too often been the lot of the Central all instances boen due to influences almost The former his
and South American States under a re publican form of government not suited beyond humma control, tory of the country, its traditions, its
to their stage of economic and political development He was, however, Diaz, who acquired political power social and economic conditions all have either favoured the form of government which has been adopted or, in caso the principle a republier rather than
as if Mexico has successfully solved the form of government at first adopted has monarchist, He, furthermore, had no sthrough his control of the army, it seemed has not been in harmony therewith, hav Whe, had he been crowned king, canli problem of government, Diaz, however, The result was that, when the Unitel did little for the education of the people and discouraged rather than encouraged Sants obtained its independence, it do their participation in the government, In other words, the form of government finitely adopted the republican form of When increasing age caused him to relax government which has lasted during his control revolution broke out again which a country usually possesses is for
The unquestion-and he felt from power. Since his loss century and a quarter, the most part determined by the secessed access, which has attended the United-of-power the country has been devastated
Among the con- tims of practical life.
States during most of its existence has by the contending armies of riva, leaders, I ditious, her relations with foreign Powers tributing ouses which fix forms
done much to give to the republican from and at present it would seem tha government, one of the most important
of government the pressige which it now salvation is possible only as the result of
It is well. however, to foreign intervention. force. Almost all monarchies thus dwe
possesion,
It is of course true that in some of their origin and analysis to the exer
member that the United States inherited tions of some one man who has been able
from England the principles of constita. the South American countries progress is
But it is to be remembered that the to organise the material power of the
problema
government, of republican country in such a way as to overcome all final and parliamentary government apparently being made in solving the
If he has abie sons or male that these principles had been applied in countries are particularly argen change from a republic to a monarchy competitors -relatives, if he has ruled wisely and if the America for a century or more before the fine, Chile, and Brazil. In both Argen. can be successfully made only on the con
The change tine and Chile a long period of disorder ditions
1st. The the change does not and disturbance has been followed by a conditions of the country have been such public was stablished.
of foreign as to favour monarchical rule, he may from the form of government which was
Powers as will lead to the recurrence of be able to establish a dynasty which all force during the colonial period to the re
Brazil the establishment of the republic, of the Chinese people or during a long period worssfully gavern public adopted in 1789 was not therefore comparatively long period of peace. In with such opposition rither on the part anything in the natury of a change from about twenty-five years ago, was accom
lican government has successfully put the country
down. autocracy to a republic. Such change as panied by little, trouble and the subsethe disorders which the present repuh- The present peaceful conditions was made had been preceded by a long quent life of the republic has been a Period of preparation and discipline in sepeaceful one. In all three countries con government. Furthermore, the American siderable progress has been made in the of the country should on no account be people even of that day possessed a high establishment of constitutional govern imperilled.
the results of the struggles of the ear grade of general intelligence, owing to meat, in Argentine and Chile as one of the jettcation which had from the very beginning of American history been given part of the nineteenth century, in Brazil; of choosing a successor is necessary,
to the common schools where almost every partly at any rate, during the Empire the English law expresses it:
child could learn at any time to read ani which preended the present republic, and which encouraged the participation of the King is dead, Long live the King." order, however, that the desired result
The establishment of the American- Ro.prople in the government of the coqutry,
of an Emperor would be more respected may be attained, it is absolutely necessary that the law of succession he clearly de public was followed almost immediately
by the formation of the French Republ
The experience of the South and Cen- than the authority of a Preside. The
accustomed to Emperor. termined and practically universally ac
They hardly know what a cepted. Else the death of the monarch The government of France prior to the du
inculeate the same lessons which may Almost all public powers were
derived from the experience of the United President is. At the same time it would will bring numerous aspirants for the claration of the republic had been auto-tral American countries would seem to people have been
seem doubtful if the increase of authority throne whose conflicting claims can be
centred in the crown and the people par States and France. These are: ticipated hardly at all in the administra
1st. That the difficult problem of the resulting from the change from President adjudicated only by retort to civil war.
to Emperor would be sufficient to justify tion, History would seem to prove, further-
The French people had thus had succession to executive power in a repub. more, that the only permanently, satis
little experience in wil-gavərnment and lie may be. solved by a people which has the change, if the question of the succes- For this is the one were therefore unable to carry on suceces. a high general intelligence due to the sion were not so securely fixed as to per- Jactory solution of the question of succes- sion in monarchical States is that which
fully the republic which they endeavour existence of schools where general educawit of co doubt. ed to establish, Periods of disorder tion may be obtained and which has greatest advantage of the monarchy over has been reached by the States of Europe.
tu exercise political power the republie succession. Tha learned
Brd. In the third place it is very This consists in fixing the succession followed in rapid
of the
doubtful whether the change from repub- the throne upon the eldest son
government; and monarch or, in default of sous, pem thenarchy was restored after the fall through participation in the affairs of of Napoleon Jargely as the result i Guder this
A revoltion in 2nd. That little hope may be enteric to monarchy would be of any fasting fareiga intervention. nearest eldest male relative. method he who is by the law of successi 1650 brought into being a more liberalinitred of the successfat solution of the bench to China, if provision is not made question of Presidential succession in a for the development under the monarchy This was overthrown by a entitled to the throne is permitted to
monarcity. waive his rights, in whicli case, if it revolution in 1848, when a republic was country where the intelligene of the of the form of constitutional government. the eldest son who has so waived his again established. The President of this people is not high and where the people If China is to take her proper place nephew of the great do not acquire political wisdom by shar- among nations greater patriotism must be in strength in rights, the next eldest sou takes his place. Republic, the
If some such method of fixing the succes Napoleon, overthrew it and declared himing in the exercise of political power developed among the people and the gov
Where such conditions do not order to resist foreign aggression. sion is not adopted, if. for example the self Emperor. After the Franco-Prussian under some form of constitutional govern ernment must increase succesion to the throne is left to the deter wair in 1870, he was deposed and the ment mination of the monarch, who may choo present French Republic came into being exist republican form of government people will never develop the necessary as his successsor a son not the eldest. or This republic has now lasted nearly half that is a government in which the execu patriotism unless they are given greater a century and gives every evidence of tive is not hereditary-generally leads to participation in the government than the the worst possible form of government, have had in the past. The government some other relative not the near st eldest
permanence, male relative, the uncertainty as to the suc
It is well to remember, however, that namely, that of the military dictator never will acquire the necessary strength This will not have unless cession is almost cerlain to produce trouble, Palace intrigues in favour of the various the present permanence of republican The best that can be hoped for under such unless it has the cordial support of the They must in claimants to the throne are sure to de-institutions in France was secured only a system is periods of peace alternating people, velop which bat embitter the closing days after nearly a century of political change, with periods of disorder during which again the people feel that they have a grament as an organization which is try- of the monarch's life and often lead to if not disorder, and that during that the rival claimants for political power part in the government.
ing to benefit them and over whose actions confusion if not civil war after his death. pentury serious attempts had been made are striving among themselves for the some way be brought to think of the gov
they exercise some control. The advantages which history would both to give the people generally that control of the government. seem to show are attendant upon a mos education upon which intelligent politi
At the present time, it may further be archy as compared with a republic, ro far cal action must be based and to accustom concerns this important question of them by participation in public affaire
to the exercise of powers of self-govern remarked, it is very doubtful whether succession to the executive power. me
The Freach, like the Americans, would the great Powers of the European world thue, it would seem, conditioned very
tary dictator permanently to exist, if it largely upon the adoption af that law of succession which experience has shown to appear to have solved successfulty the will permit the government of the mili- most difficult problems in republican continues to be accompanied by the be the best, that is, succession in the eldest government, that is, the succession to the disorder which has been its incident in executive. power. In France the Presi nearest male line.
dent is elected by the legislature. In the the rast. The economic intercats of the United States he is elected by the people. European world have grown to be so com- In both France and the United States the prehensive, European capital and Euro Until recently the accepted form of
inprises have become so wide in their government both in Asia and Europe wis monarchical. It is true that in Europe, people have had long experience in self-pean commercial and industrial enter-
government through participation
foreign countries interested, although
At E.M. Police Court, Shanghai, last contrary to the usual rule, there were a few public affairs, while in both countries, ramifications that the governments of the republics such as Venice and Switzer during the past half century particularly.
more and more that he, being a British subject, hal land. But the States possessing a Re- great attention has been paid to their caring little what may be the form of publican Government were few in nur general education through schools in Sovernment adopted by the nations with week, C. H. Hardcastle was charged to ber and small in size. In almost all the many cases supported by the government, which they deal, are
The defendant admitted that he had not important States of the word the govern- The result is that the grade of intelli-inclined to insist, where they have the failed to register according to the Order
gence of the people in both America and power, that conditions of peace shall be in-Courcil
maintained in order that they may receive what they consider to be the proper registered, and said that he did not come ment was monarchical in character.
He did not to Shanghai until March. their investmente. оп Within the last hundred and fifty France is, comparatively speaking, high.
returns years, however, thers is noticable among
The examples given in the latter part insistence they are more and more liable know anything about registration. European peoples a distinct movement away from monarchical and in favour of of the 18th century by the United States to carry to the point of actual destruction had been at sea all his life, and did not
The first at and France were very largely followed of the political independence of offending know much about things on shore. Republican Government. tempt to establish Republican Govern-in South and Central America at the time nations and of direct administration of further stated that he was paid off in
never told anything about registration, ment in day of the large European State the former Spanish colonies in this part their government if this is necessary to front of the British Consul, but he was
of the world achieved their independence. the attainment of the ends desired.
It is therefore becoming less and less
In answer to his worship, the defendant was made in England in the 17th century. After a successful revolution Charles 1. As was the case in the United States when the English King was tried by Parlia-it bccatue independent, a republic seemed likely that countries, will be permitted is said he had always been registered at son, the only practicable form of government the future to work out their own salvation but it did not occur to him to ask anyone
on shore about it.
Mr. C. E. Whitamore, of H.M. Con- ment, convicted of treason and execute
Common-which could then be adopted. There was through disorder and revolution, as may A republic, the so-called
no royal family to which the people might have been the case during the past cen-
Under modern conditions had not registered. wealth," was established with Oliver
The success which had been attendant tury with some of the South Americangulate General, proved that the defendant
countries.
His worship said the registration of Cromwell as "Protector" or President. Look for guidance, Cromwell obtained his power, as a result upon the establishment of a republic in countries must devise some method of of his control of the revolutionary army North America had caused the belief to government under which peace will be British subjects in China was very neces which had defeated the forces of the be entertained by many thinkers, both maintained or they will have to submit gary, for one very important reason. The
that a republic was the best form of to foreign control. This early English republic lasted only government and that its establishment a few years and fell as a result of the and maintenance were possible under-all- difficulties attendant upon, the question of conditions and the succession to the Protectorate whic Republics arose on Cromwell's death. Cromwell had attempted to place his son Richard in the position left vacant by his death. either because the English people were not suited to a republic or because Richard Cromwell did not have the characteristic
The result is that the register immediately. required of the possessor of executive of intelligence, due to the lack of general accorded much participation in the work option of a fine power, this attempt to continue the Eng education, and accustomed only to auto of government.
With reference to the statement which lish republic was & failure, and England cratic rule, the South and Central Ameri- political capacity of the Chinese propla can republics have not been generally is not large. The change from autocratic republican government made four abandoned the republican and resestab-
successful. For years after the independ-to lished the monarchical form of govern ence of the Spanish colonies was achieved years ago was too violent to permit the has recently appeared in the Press on Charles II., the son of the ex South and Central America was the scene entertainment of any very strong hopes the subject of dealings in rubber with cuted Charles I was put upon the of continual disorder, incident for the of its immediate success. Had the Tsing men of hostile origin and shipments of throne, largely as the result of the supmost part to the struggles of military dynasty not been an alien rule which it rubber to neutral countries, a meeting of At times had long been the wish of the Chinese the Council of the Rubber Growers' port of the army, but with the almost uni- leaders for political power.
special committee was! there were periode of comparative peace people to overthrow, there can be little Association was held on July 26th in Lon
further to
Consider the versal approval of the English people.
The next attempt to form a republic duo to the success of some extraordinarily doubt that it would have been better to don among Ryropian peoples was made after the American revolution at the end of the
白日
crown.
ment.
KUROPEAN REPUBLICS.
But
ment,
THE LATIN HEPUBLICS.
were
peoples
GREAT POWERS WILL NOT PERMIT DISORDER.
CHINA'S NEEDS CONSIDERED.
This
Her
Whether the conditions which have been set forth as necessary for such a change from republic to monarchy as has been suggested are present, must of course be country and are responsible for its futuro determined by those who both know the development. These conditions are pre- sent if there can be little doubt that the change would be of benefit to the country.
BRITISH REGISTRATION IN TREATY PORTS.
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He
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China is a country which has for cen almost everywhere throughout South and present political situation of China? Central America. But, either because of the disorders which were incident to the turies been accustomed to mustocratic rule..
He took into consideration the defen- dant's excuse, and would fiue him only $3. If he did not register, the Order-in- Council gave his worship power to send
long struggle for independence or because The intelligence of the great mass of its The Chinese have never boen of the difficulties inherent in a republican people is not high owing to the lack of the defendant to prison without the form of government among a low grade schools.
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strong man who was able to seize and retain the dynasty in power and gradual-appointed keep in his hands political power. Little ly to introduce constitutional government question.
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